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28 Articles

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questions@ideasanddiscoveries.com www.facebook.com/ideasanddiscoveries ALLURE OF THE UNKNOWN iD covers an extremely wide array of subject matter, but of all the interesting topics the magazine addresses, one of my all-time favorites is the articles on mysterious places. There’s something intriguing about sites with a reputation for the mysterious or macabre; they transcend mundane concerns and remind us that just because many of us are mired in a workaday routine, the world is big and amazing and full of unknowns. What makes these locations even more alluring is that they’re oftentimes unpopulated or abandoned, which enhances their drama. The place that stuck with me the most from the mysterious places story in the January 2021 issue is Russia’s Manpupuner rock formations because of what happened to all those hikers in the 1950s. Has there been any…

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HOLLYWOO’S LEADING SOLDIER

The phone was ringing in the office of former U.S. Marine Corps Captain Dale Dye. The famous voice on the other end had a pronouncement to make: “Captain, you have a mission!” The year was 1997, and the caller was none other than Steven Spielberg. When the Hollywood legend agreed to direct Saving Private Ryan almost a quarter of a century ago, he didn’t know he was about to revolutionize the genre. Spielberg’s commitment: make a film about the horrors of war and make it as realistic as possible. “In a real war, you don’t die with a huge fireball behind you, in slow motion, tumbling acrobatically into a perfect air-bag landing. That’s not how it is,” says the famed director. “The last thing I wanted to do with this…

HOLLYWOO’S LEADING SOLDIER

DALE DYE’S GREATEST ACHIEVEMENTS

Dale Dye has been involved in scores of film and TV productions. Here are his top five: BAND OF BROTHERS (2001) Steven Spielberg’s 10-part miniseries was nominated for 20 Primetime Emmy Awards and has won 7. MISSION: IMPOSSIBLE (1996) Dye played a senior agent on the Impossible Missions Force. NATURAL BORN KILLERS (1994) Dye was a technical adviser and also played a minor role in this Oliver Stone film about a media-darling criminal duo. PLATOON (1986) This Oliver Stone film was the first major production for Dye, who spent a month training its stars. SAVING PRIVATE RYAN (1998) Spielberg hired Dye for his war film, which won 5 Oscars.…

DALE DYE’S GREATEST ACHIEVEMENTS

THE REAL MASTERS OF THEIR DOMAIN

EVASION EXPERT The outcome of this duel seems clear: What chance does a button-eyed little critter have against a ferocious-looking lizard several times its size? But things are not as straightforward as they seem: The small mammal is an elephant shrew. Native to Africa, where they can occupy almost any habitat, these creatures from the family Macroscelididae are seldom seen and hard to catch because of their wariness, good camouflage, and ability to dash away at up to 18 miles per hour. That makes them the fastest mammal in the “under 1 pound” weight class. They received their common name from early English taxonomists who thought their long nose resembled an elephant trunk. And it turns out elephant shrews are the result of an unusual evolutionary quirk that makes them more…

THE REAL MASTERS OF THEIR DOMAIN

RECOMMENDED VIEWING

SMALL ANIMALS IN LEADING ROLES: HIDDEN KINGDOMS The spectacular nature film Hidden Kingdoms, the origin of the photos in this article, is the thrilling result of more than two decades of photography in some of the world’s most exciting places. “This world is so small and moves so fast that we had to reimagine natural history filmmaking,” says producer Mike Gunton. Narrated by Stephen Fry, the three-part series was first aired on BBC One in the UK and later shown in the U.S. on the Discovery Channel as Mini Monsters. It’s available on DVD and Blu-ray and on Amazon Prime.…

RECOMMENDED VIEWING

Experts in this issue

Old age can be treated, just like any other disease. AUBREY DE GREY, biomedical gerontologist In the eyes of Aubrey De Grey, the illnesses of aging are the side effects of life. He focuses on methods for extending life and enhancing its quality during the twilight years. PAGE 20 For the first time, we will have the power to alter the path of an asteroid. IAN CARNELLI, project leader of the Asteroid Impact Mission There are objects in the cosmos that could potentially present an impact threat to Earth someday. Ian Carnelli wants to stop them—by force, if necessary. PAGE 64 There is always a risk of getting infected if you don’t strictly follow the security protocol. MICHAEL FLUECKIGER, emergency medicine physician The medical director of the specialized airline Phoenix Air risks his life to safely transport seriously ill and…

Experts in this issue

THINK YOU’RE DYING? NOT NOW, YOU, RE NOT!

REVERSING DEATH Some 475,000 Americans die from cardiac arrest each year. According to the American Heart Association, it claims more lives worldwide than prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, HIV, pneumonia, influenza, automobile accidents, firearms, and house fires combined. Time is of the essence when cardiac arrest occurs, but less than half of victims get the immediate help they need. Statistically speaking, for each minute that passes without medical intervention after the onset of cardiac arrest, a victim’s chance of survival drops by 7–10%.…

THINK YOU’RE DYING? NOT NOW, YOU, RE NOT!

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOUR HEART STOPS BEATING?

10 MINUTES WITHOUT BREATHING Permanent brain damage can begin after only 4 minutes of oxygen deprivation, and death can occur within the 4 to 6 minutes that follow. The longer the oxygen deprivation continues, the more damage it causes. Even if cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is successful, serious brain damage is likely to have occurred if breathing has been interrupted for very long. Exceptions may be seen in children who have drowned in very cold water: They can survive after 30 minutes or more. 2-4 HOURS ON A MACHINE Cooling down the heart while it is connected to a heart-lung machine during an operation allows surgeons to work for up to 4 hours without damage to the heart tissue. The blood may be cooled as it passes through the machine, or a cold saline…

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOUR HEART STOPS BEATING?

FACTS & FIGURES

39,718 TRANSPLANTS of various kinds were performed in America in 2019. Some 50% of American adults have signed up as organ donors, and each one can potentially save or enhance the life of more than 100 people. 109,000 PATIENTS were on a waiting list for a donated organ in late 2020. The greatest donation need was for kidneys (more than 93,000 patients waiting). 10% OF ALL PEOPLE report having a near-death experience at some point in life, according to a study that analyzed participants from 35 countries. In what stages does the body die? Prior to the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19), just over 2.8 million people were dying in the United States each year. The three leading causes of death were heart disease, cancer, and accidents. By late 2020, COVID-19 relegated accidents to fourth place. Dying is not…

THE COUNTDOWN OF DYING

8 HOURS SKIN Pallor mortis (“the paleness of death”) sets in during the first half hour after a person dies. Blood, which in life gives the body a lively glow, is no longer circulating to the skin’s capillaries. Then comes the postmortem lividity, coloration that appears 30 minutes to 2 hours after death. It results from gravitational movement of blood within the vessels. Because it’s driven by gravity, this coloration is most pronounced in the body parts closest to the ground. Initially bright red, it changes to bluish-purple over 6 to 8 hours. 48 HOURS MUSCLES The body’s muscles become flaccid after death. But after several hours they begin to stiffen, contracting and becoming rigid in a state called rigor mortis (“the stiffness of death”). The progression is largely predictable, which makes rigor mortis useful…

THE COUNTDOWN OF DYING

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS?

The AWARE (short for “AWAreness during REsuscitation”) study was conducted over a period of four years and examined 2,060 cardiac arrest events in hospital settings in the U.S., UK, and Australia. Researchers conducted interviews with 140 of the 330 survivors. Some 50% of them reported having memories that involved specific cognitive themes: fear; plants and animals; bright light; persecution and violence; déjà-vu experiences; and family. Of those respondents, 9% reported having a near-death experience (NDE), and 2% described being aware of actual events related to their resuscitation. One even reported being consciously aware during a period when cerebral function would not have been expected. “We know the brain can’t function when the heart has stopped beating, but in one case, conscious awareness appears to have continued for up to three…

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS?

CAN SURVIVAL BE INCREASED TO 100%?

“For a trauma surgeon, car accidents are actually more challenging than shootings or stabbings,” says Dr. Peter Rhee, chief of acute care surgery and medical director of the Marcus Trauma Center in Atlanta. He has experimented with chilling animals to put them into suspended animation and then brought them back to life, and he has been successful 90% of the time. At the University of Maryland School of Medicine Dr. Samuel Tisherman has been trying the same thing with severely injured human patients. The full results of his trials are expected at the end of the year.…

CAN SURVIVAL BE INCREASED TO 100%?

SHOULD AGING BE TREATED AS AN ILLNESS?

“We should not consider the diseases of old age to be diseases, because they are actually side effects of the life process,” says British biomedical gerontologist Aubrey de Grey. He researches ways to manipulate the cells of the human body so that they repair damage by themselves, halting human aging and thus making people virtually immortal. He calls it preventive maintenance. And in his opinion: “It is reasonable to suppose that one could oscillate between being biologically 20 and biologically 25 indefinitely. I have always considered aging to be undesirable.”…

SHOULD AGING BE TREATED AS AN ILLNESS?

What are the states of the human brain between wakefulness and sleep?

1. UNCONSCIOUSNESS: After 30 to 180 seconds of oxygen deprivation, a person typically loses consciousness, but the body can be trained to go longer. Freediver Aleix Segura once held his breath for just over 24 minutes. 2. LOCKED-IN SYNDROME: In this rare disorder, a patient is conscious and can think and reason but is unable to move any muscles except those that control the eyes. This near-total paralysis can be caused by stroke, brain injury or infection, bleeding, tumors, or an overdose. 3. VEGETATIVE STATE: The person is awake but does not have awareness of the self or the environment nor any cognitive function. The eyes may sometimes be open and some basic reflexes may be intact. 4. COMA: This prolonged state of unconsciousness can be caused by head injury, stroke, brain tumor,…

What are the states of the human brain between wakefulness and sleep?

PHENOMENON: BRAIN DEATH

THE LAST SPARK To decide whether or not a patient is brain dead and thus has actually died, an examining physician conducts a series of tests based on medical guidelines that are legally accepted. These include a physical examination to determine whether the patient still has brain reflexes or is able to breathe on his or her own. A lay person present at such an examination may be disconcerted to see continued twitching or muscle contractions in the patient. These are reflexes that are caused by electrical impulses that remain in the body even after the brain has died. DECLARED DEAD Drugs such as muscle relaxants and sedatives can mask brain function, so other tests may be needed if those are present in the body. While tests are being performed, the patient is…

PHENOMENON: BRAIN DEATH

WHAT TO DO IN A FIRE

SURROUNDED BY FLAMES On June 17, 2017, four deadly fires broke out in the District of Leiria in Central Portugal, killing 66 people and injuring more than 200 others. Many burned to death in their cars as they tried to flee from the municipality of Pedrógão Grande. Around 130,000 acres of land were also destroyed. INTERVIEW WHAT DO YOU DO IF YOU’RE CAUGHT IN A FIRE? LIFE-SAVING TIPS FROM KARL-HEINZ KNORR, FIRE DEPARTMENT DIRECTOR IN BREMEN, GERMANY Worldwide more than 300,000 people will be killed by a forest fire this year. But what can you do to survive the flames if you ever encounter one? Who better to answer than Karl-Heinz Knorr, a physicist who is also the director of the fire department in Bremen, Germany, as well as the vice president of his heavily…

WHAT TO DO IN A FIRE

HOW DANGEROUS IS A SMART HOME?

INTERVIEW WITH IT SECURITY PRO MICHAEL STEIGERWALD YOU’VE BEEN STUDYING SMART HOMES FOR YEARS. WOULD YOU DEFINE THE TERM FOR US? In general, a home would be called “smart” if you’re using a smartphone to control other devices in the home. If you have your phone and a printer connected to your network and you print from your phone, you’re living in a smart home. But the term hasn’t been clearly defined, and that creates a problem: Many people are unaware they are even living in a smart home. That’s why I would rather use the term “digital home,” which is more readily understood. In industrialized nations many homes these days are smart. IS A LACK OF AWARENESS THE PROBLEM? The real problem is the way we use the Internet today. Twenty years ago,…

HOW DANGEROUS IS A SMART HOME?

questions &answers

DO YOU HAVE A QUESTION FOR OUR TEAM OF EXPERTS? Just send us an email! questions@ideasanddiscoveries.com HOW DO YOU CONSTRUCT A CAGE OUT OF THE AIR? Up to 60 feet long and weighing in at up to 40 tons, the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is among the giants of the seas. But the main constituents of its diet—plankton, fish, and krill—are relatively tiny, so it needs a lot of them to get the 4,400–5,500 pounds of food the averagesize humpback whale consumes in a day. But these whales don’t have to hunt on their own: They use teamwork to ensure they get their daily fill, rounding up huge masses of prey in a maneuver called bubble-net feeding. When a hunting pod of humpback whales finds a large concentration of prey, the whales form a…

questions &answers

HOW DO YOU BRING A LEGAN BACK TO LIFE?

+ REBIRTH In China’s southwestern Sichuan Province, more than 1,000 shipyard workers are building a replica of the Titanic. Like the original, the new ship will be 883 feet long and 92.5 feet wide. “WE HAVE SPENT MANY YEARS COLLECTING BLUEPRINTS FROM AROUND THE WORLD.” SU SHAOJUN, QIXING ENERGY INVESTMENT GROUP + A HOTEL FOR HISTORY BUFFS The Romandisea Titanic will be a luxury hotel that floats on the water but never puts out to sea. Rooms aboard the full-size replica ship will range from $450 per night for a modest cabin to $15,000 for the most luxurious accommodations. Tragically, during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York, the RMS Titanic sank in the North Atlantic in the early morning hours of April 15, 1912, after colliding with an iceberg. More than 1,500 of the…

HOW DO YOU BRING A LEGAN BACK TO LIFE?

SMARTER IN 60 SECONDS RMS Titanic

Did a fire sink the Titanic? If you believe Irish journalist Senan Molony, the story of the Titanic needs to be rewritten. Molony has spent 30 years researching the tragedy and identified signs that a coal fire occurred behind one of the boiler rooms. He says the fire started as much as 10 days before the Titanic left Southampton, and the ship had even been reversed in its berth to hide the damage from boarding passengers. “Metallurgy experts tell us the temperature would have made the steel brittle, reducing its strength by up to 75 percent,” he says. Thus when the Titanic struck the iceberg, the hull was no longer strong enough to resist the impact. Photographs taken before the maiden voyage show 30-foot-long black marks on the hull near the…

SMARTER IN 60 SECONDS RMS Titanic

THE LAKE THAT WILL CHANGE THE WORLD

CAN THIS WHITE GOLD DEFEAT TERRORISM? When we hear the word lithium, we are likely to think of the batteries that power laptops and smartphones, but the relatively rare element is also in the batteries of the electric cars that are slated to replace combustion-engine vehicles. That transition will have an additional positive effect: By reducing our dependence on oil, we can curtail the flow of money to terrorist groups and the countries that support them, which often finance the assistance they provide with their oil revenues. That could make the world a safer place. HOW OIL HAS FINANCED TERRORISM Until the Islamic State (ISIS) was driven out of the majority of its territory in 2019, the terror organization’s largest source of revenue was oil production and smuggling from the numerous oil fields…

THE LAKE THAT WILL CHANGE THE WORLD

THE RISE OF 494 DOOMSDAY SCENARIOS

Stargazers who panic easily certainly had a reason to worry in the weeks leading up to October 12, 2017. Asteroid 2012 TC4 was approaching the Earth for the second time in just five years—and this time, it was going to come a lot closer. Because of the asteroid’s relatively small size (about 50 feet long and 25 feet wide), astronomers had never felt the need to be overly concerned, and on October 12, 2017, the panic-prone were finally able to breathe a sigh of relief: Asteroid 2012 TC4 whizzed past the Earth at a distance of 31,000 miles—which is still a fairly close call in astronomical terms. Visits from near-Earth objects (NEO) are not all that rare. NASA detects about 1,500 of them a year, and smaller ones, such as…

THE RISE OF 494 DOOMSDAY SCENARIOS

HOW COULD A CHUNK OF ROCK BECOME A MASS MURDERER?

+ 60,000 MILES PER HOUR The average asteroid moves through space at close to 60,000 miles per hour. Smaller asteroids burn up when they enter the Earth’s atmosphere as meteors. (Any fragment that makes it to the ground is called a meteorite.) + 3,168 FEET IN DIAMETER A width of 0.6 miles or more makes an asteroid a significant threat that could have far-reaching climatic and geological impacts and might potentially end human civilization. The good news is that NASA is confident it has identified about 90% of the asteroids of this size. + 100 YEARS A fireball brighter than the Sun lit the sky above the Russian district of Chelyabinsk in 2013 when a meteor the size of a house exploded after entering our atmosphere, its shock wave injuring more than 1,600 people. Incidents with objects around…

HOW COULD A CHUNK OF ROCK BECOME A MASS MURDERER?

WHAT CAN ASTEROIDS TELL US ABOUT OUR SOLAR SYSTEM?

The solar system was born about 4.5 billion years ago in a cloud of gas and dust. When the cloud collapsed (possibly due to a nearby supernova explosion), it formed a swirling disk, a solar nebula. As gravity pulled in more and more material, pressure in the core caused hydrogen atoms to combine and form helium, and our Sun was born. Farther out in the disk, other matter formed clumps and combined, creating planets and moons. Bits and pieces of the early solar system that did not combine into larger forms became comets, asteroids, and meteoroids. They contain debris from the formation of the solar system, and scientists hope these time capsules will shed light on how it all began. NASA Chief Scientist Jim Green is concerned with big questions…

WHAT CAN ASTEROIDS TELL US ABOUT OUR SOLAR SYSTEM?

HOW CAN SOMETHING SO FAR AWAY BE STUDIED?

The OSIRIS-REx probe (above) traveled 200 million miles to arrive at its target, the asteroid Bennu, on December 3, 2018. After surveying it for almost 2 years, the spacecraft landed on the asteroid for 6 seconds on October 20, 2020, and collected 14 ounces of material. With the samples safely sealed inside, the probe was ready to return to Earth, with arrival scheduled for September 2023. “Asteroids like Bennu may have seeded the early Earth with organic molecules,” explains Dante Lauretta, the principal investigator of the OSIRIS-REx program. “That would have contributed to the primordial soup from which life emerged.” PHOTOS: Johan63/Getty Images; PR.…

HOW CAN SOMETHING SO FAR AWAY BE STUDIED?

HOW DO YOU TRANSPORT A DEADLY VIRUS?

On July 26, 2014, the telephone rang at Dent Thompson’s vacation home in Beech Mountain, North Carolina. It was a call the vice president of the small nonscheduled airline Phoenix Air had anticipated for some time. The area code was 202: Washington, D.C. Thompson recognized the voice of William Walters, managing director for operational medicine at the U.S. Department of State. The two men had first met six months earlier when the Phoenix Air Group had prepared an air ambulance plan for the Sochi Olympics in case a dignitary had to be evacuated for medical reasons. Thompson understood immediately that they were not talking about a hypothetical scenario this time. “Do you think your system would work for Ebola?” asked Walters. There had been an outbreak of the deadly virus…

HOW DO YOU TRANSPORT A DEADLY VIRUS?

What Are the Consequences of a Good DECISIONS

But what effect do they have at they end of … … 10 hours? … 10 weeks? … 10 minutes? … 10 days? … 10 years? One man’s research has yielded fascinating answers. What does a marshmallow have to do with the course of my life? What can a sweet treat tell me about myself? One of the most famous experiments in the history of psychology is predicated on the basis of such questions. The simple decision to do something “now” or “later” can have a huge impact on a person’s future and can reveal in early childhood what kind of personality an adult is likely to have. The creator of the Marshmallow Test, Walter Mischel, provided some important insight into the experiment prior to his passing. The Marshmallow Test Between 1968 and 1974, then–Stanford psychologist Walter Mischel conducted…

What Are the Consequences of a Good DECISIONS

THE NIGHT HAS 90 MINUTES

Franco Banficouldn’t believe his luck: How often does anyone get a chance to observe sperm whales close up? But as the Swiss underwater photographer and his team were following a pod of the giant creatures near the island of Dominica in the Caribbean Sea, something even more magical happened. As if reacting to an invisible and inaudible command, the whales suddenly executed a 90-degree turn and positioned themselves vertically. It took the 60-year-old photographer a moment to realize he might be obtaining some extremely rare images. The whales had decided it was time for a nap, so they took one—if only for a few minutes… Scientists have found that Physeter macrocephalus rarely rests, and then only for short periods. In all, these huge marine mammals spend 7.1% of their lives asleep,…

THE NIGHT HAS 90 MINUTES

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