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98 Articles

WELCOME MARCH 2020

The Black Death is one of the most well-known – and certainly one of the deadliest – diseases to have ever affected humankind. Its rapid spread wiped out around half of Europe’s population, and its name has become synonymous with the medieval period. But the dangers of the Middle Ages didn’t begin and end with the Black Death. As we explore in this month’s cover feature, there were a multitude of diseases, infections and medical conditions that could end your life, with little in the way of cures. Read more from page 26. Elsewhere, we head to Brussels for the Duchess of Richmond’s ball – the lavish soirée of 1815, which saw guests ditch their dancing shoes and march off to fight Napoleon (p52). And we explore another bloody clash from…

WELCOME MARCH 2020

WELCOME MARCH 2020

The Black Death is one of the most well-known – and certainly one of the deadliest – diseases to have ever affected humankind. Its rapid spread wiped out around half of Europe’s population, and its name has become synonymous with the medieval period. But the dangers of the Middle Ages didn’t begin and end with the Black Death. As we explore in this month’s cover feature, there were a multitude of diseases, infections and medical conditions that could end your life, with little in the way of cures. Read more from page 26. Elsewhere, we head to Brussels for the Duchess of Richmond’s ball – the lavish soirée of 1815, which saw guests ditch their dancing shoes and march off to fight Napoleon (p52). And we explore another bloody clash…

WELCOME MARCH 2020

1933 MILES AHEAD Kitty Brunell triumphs in the second ever Royal Automobile Club (RAC) motor rally, celebrating with her crew at the finish in Hastings, Kent. The daughter of a motorsports photographer, Kitty first got behind the wheel at the age of 17 and had been a rallying regular for a few years before racing to victory in an AC Ace. Now known as the Wales Rally of Great Britain, the largest motor rally in Britain has been held every year since 1933, except during World War II, the Suez Crisis of 1957 and an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in 1967. Brunell remains the rally's only female winner. 1909 MELODIC MENAGERIE It has been an intriguing question for many years: what effect does music have on animals? In 1909,…

1933 MILES AHEAD Kitty Brunell triumphs in the second ever Royal Automobile Club (RAC) motor rally, celebrating with her crew at the finish in Hastings, Kent. The daughter of a motorsports photographer, Kitty first got behind the wheel at the age of 17 and had been a rallying regular for a few years before racing to victory in an AC Ace. Now known as the Wales Rally of Great Britain, the largest motor rally in Britain has been held every year since 1933, except during World War II, the Suez Crisis of 1957 and an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in 1967. Brunell remains the rally's only female winner. 1909 MELODIC MENAGERIE It has been an intriguing question for many years: what effect does music have on animals? In 1909, in an attempt to…

THINGS WE LEARNED THIS MONTH....

NEWPORT SHIP COULD RIVAL THE MARY ROSE A 15th-century ship, found near Newport, is thought to be Wales’s answer to the Mary Rose. Found in a riverbank in 2002, it’s now nearing the end of a lengthy restoration, and plans are afoot to reassemble it and create a museum. The ship is believed to have been built in the Basque region of Spain in around 1449. Like the 16th-century Mary Rose in Portsmouth and the 17th-century Vasa in Sweden, it’s hoped that this will become the world’s most important 15th-century vessel. IDENTIFIED AFTER 40 YEARS In 1979, the headless torso of an unknown man was found in a cave in Idaho. The arms and legs turned up a few years later, but the man still couldn’t be identified…

THINGS WE LEARNED THIS MONTH....

THINGS WE LEARNED THIS MONTH....

NEWPORT SHIP COULD RIVAL THE MARY ROSE A 15th-century ship, found near Newport, is thought to be Wales’s answer to the Mary Rose. Found in a riverbank in 2002, it’s now nearing the end of a lengthy restoration, and plans are afoot to reassemble it and create a museum. The ship is believed to have been built in the Basque region of Spain in around 1449. Like the 16th-century Mary Rose in Portsmouth and the 17th-century Vasa in Sweden, it’s hoped that this will become the world’s most important 15th-century vessel. IDENTIFIED AFTER 40 YEARS In 1979, the headless torso of an unknown man was found in a cave in Idaho. The arms and legs turned up a few years later, but the man still couldn’t be identified – until now. After tracing…

THINGS WE LEARNED THIS MONTH....

Henry VIII impersonator

WHY DID YOU CHOOSE HENRY VIII? Because I look like this! I tried being George Clooney, but I starved. When I first started in 2004 my beard was incredibly red, and I have to say I did look just like the famous Holbein painting when I was fully “togged up”. My beard is mostly white now, but I still think I am one of the most facially accurate Henrys around. HOW DID YOU START OUT AS AN IMPERSONATOR? Some friends were doing living history days in schools, offering Vikings or Romans. But everywhere they went they were asked if they knew anyone who looked like Henry VIII who could do a Tudor Day. They nagged me, and I initially said “no”, but eventually I agreed. I did my first day in June 2004…

Henry VIII impersonator

The Rillington Place Strangler faces justice

After ten years of murder and at least eight victims – including an infant and his own wife – the infamous Rillington Place Strangler, John Christie, is arrested and charged. John Reginald Christie was a quietly spoken man, born in Yorkshire in 1899. In 1920, he married Ethel Simpson, but they separated four years later, and Christie moved to London. Christie was in and out of prison for the next decade for violent assault and theft, but eventually reunited with Ethel and, in 1937 or 1938, the couple moved to the ground floor flat of 10 Rillington Place in Notting Hill. At the start of World War II, Christie became a special constable with the police; his criminal record wasn’t checked. Christie’s first victim was 21-year-old Ruth Fuerst from Austria. Christie invited…

The Rillington Place Strangler faces justice

Henry VIII impersonator

WHY DID YOU CHOOSE HENRY VIII? Because I look like this! I tried being George Clooney, but I starved. When I first started in 2004 my beard was incredibly red, and I have to say I did look just like the famous Holbein painting when I was fully “togged up”. My beard is mostly white now, but I still think I am one of the most facially accurate Henrys around. HOW DID YOU START OUT AS AN IMPERSONATOR? Some friends were doing living history days in schools, offering Vikings or Romans. But everywhere they went they were asked if they knew anyone who looked like Henry VIII who could do a Tudor Day. They nagged me, and I initially said “no”, but eventually I agreed. I did my first day…

Henry VIII impersonator

The Rillington Place Strangler faces justice

After ten years of murder and at least eight victims – including an infant and his own wife – the infamous Rillington Place Strangler, John Christie, is arrested and charged. John Reginald Christie was a quietly spoken man, born in Yorkshire in 1899. In 1920, he married Ethel Simpson, but they separated four years later, and Christie moved to London. Christie was in and out of prison for the next decade for violent assault and theft, but eventually reunited with Ethel and, in 1937 or 1938, the couple moved to the ground floor flat of 10 Rillington Place in Notting Hill. At the start of World War II, Christie became a special constable with the police; his criminal record wasn’t checked. Christie’s first victim was 21-year-old Ruth Fuerst from Austria.…

The Rillington Place Strangler faces justice

The Eiffel Tower is completed

On 31 March 1889, after two years, two months and five days of construction the world welcomed the newest addition to the Paris skyline: the Eiffel Tower. Its creator, Gustave Eiffel, unfurled the Tricolore on the third level, signalling that the wrought-iron edifice was now open. Lit by 10,000 gas lamps, it was a spectacle unlike anything the world had seen before; today it is one of the most visited monuments on Earth, welcoming almost seven million people every year. Out of 107 proposed designs, Eiffel’s tower was chosen to represent the 1889 World’s Fair (the Exposition Universelle), and commemorate the centenary of the French Revolution. The fair was to be a showcase of technology and innovation, and it was suggested that a suitably awe-inducing structure be built to demonstrate French…

The Eiffel Tower is completed

YEAR IN FOCUS....

February 1685 FRANCE TRIES TO COLONISE TEXAS In February 1685, near the present-day town of Inez, French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, establishes Fort St Louis as part of French attempts to maintain a colony in Texas. The colonists suffered disease, harsh conditions and raids by Native Americans – most of the surviving settlers were killed in one such raid in 1688, leading to the colony’s eventual abandonment, just three years after it had been founded. DIED: 11 MAY Margaret Wilson Aged just 18, Margaret Wilson was tied to a stake and drowned in the rising tide as one of the Wigtown Martyrs – Presbyterians and Covenanters who refused to swear allegiance to James VII and II as head of the Church of Scotland. BORN: 23 FEBRUARY George Frideric Handel George Frideric Handel was born in…

YEAR IN FOCUS....

The Eiffel Tower is completed

On 31 March 1889, after two years, two months and five days of construction the world welcomed the newest addition to the Paris skyline: the Eiffel Tower. Its creator, Gustave Eiffel, unfurled the Tricolore on the third level, signalling that the wrought-iron edifice was now open. Lit by 10,000 gas lamps, it was a spectacle unlike anything the world had seen before; today it is one of the most visited monuments on Earth, welcoming almost seven million people every year. Out of 107 proposed designs, Eiffel’s tower was chosen to represent the 1889 World’s Fair (the Exposition Universelle), and commemorate the centenary of the French Revolution. The fair was to be a showcase of technology and innovation, and it was suggested that a suitably awe-inducing structure be built to demonstrate…

The Eiffel Tower is completed

National Service in Britain

WHAT WAS IT, AND WHEN WAS IT IN EFFECT IN BRITAIN? National Service was the peacetime conscription of British men into the British Army, Royal Navy and Royal Air Force. During the years National Service was active – between 1949 and 1963 – more than two million men were conscripted into the British Armed forces. WHY WAS IT INTRODUCED? During World War II, the British Armed Forces needed to use conscription in order to fill its ranks – but after the war had ended, the government decided to continue conscription in peacetime. The idea was to ensure that Britain’s overseas military commitments were fulfilled, and to maintain the dwindling British empire. Men were needed for the ongoing miltary occupations of Germany and Japan, which began with the end of World War II. Tensions…

National Service in Britain

YEAR IN FOCUS....

February 1685 FRANCE TRIES TO COLONISE TEXAS In February 1685, near the present-day town of Inez, French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, establishes Fort St Louis as part of French attempts to maintain a colony in Texas. The colonists suffered disease, harsh conditions and raids by Native Americans – most of the surviving settlers were killed in one such raid in 1688, leading to the colony’s eventual abandonment, just three years after it had been founded. DIED: 11 MAY Margaret Wilson Aged just 18, Margaret Wilson was tied to a stake and drowned in the rising tide as one of the Wigtown Martyrs – Presbyterians and Covenanters who refused to swear allegiance to James VII and II as head of the Church of Scotland. BORN: 23 FEBRUARY George…

YEAR IN FOCUS....

National Service in Britain

WHAT WAS IT, AND WHEN WAS IT IN EFFECT IN BRITAIN? National Service was the peacetime conscription of British men into the British Army, Royal Navy and Royal Air Force. During the years National Service was active – between 1949 and 1963 – more than two million men were conscripted into the British Armed forces. WHY WAS IT INTRODUCED? During World War II, the British Armed Forces needed to use conscription in order to fill its ranks – but after the war had ended, the government decided to continue conscription in peacetime. The idea was to ensure that Britain’s overseas military commitments were fulfilled, and to maintain the dwindling British empire. Men were needed for the ongoing miltary occupations of Germany and Japan, which began with the end of World…

National Service in Britain

BEATING THE BLACK DEATH

Writing about the first outbreak of the English Sweating Sickness of 1485 in London, French physician Thomas Le Forestier provided a gripping eyewitness account that encapsulated the terror it sowed. “We saw two priests standing and speaking together, and we saw both of them die suddenly. Also we saw the wife of a tailor taken and suddenly died. Another young man walking by the street fell down suddenly.” Le Forestier communicated the randomness of epidemic illness: men and women, not only the merchant classes but also the clergy, were vulnerable. Although, as a learned doctor, he had considerable medical expertise, he was powerless to help these people affected by an acute, unknown and deadly fever. It’s no coincidence that Le Forestier defined this illness in terms of sudden death. If a…

BEATING THE BLACK DEATH

Infections While modern-day medicine can defeat many infections with antibiotics, no such treatments existed in the Middle Ages. People were aware that wounds, childbirth and surgery were all dangerous moments because of the risks of infection. Although they did not have our understanding of how infections take hold, medieval people knew exactly what they were, sometimes describing them as fevers. First appeared/recorded: Pre-history Incubation period: 1-10 days (for puerperal fever after childbirth) Risk to life: 9/10 The Pox Although the pox only affected Europeans in the 1490s, it immediately caused great anxiety and fear. This sexually transmitted disease, roughly equivalent to modern-day syphilis, caused pain and unsightly swellings, and could attack the nose and the face. Contemporaries linked it to prostitutes and immoral behaviour. First appeared/recorded: c3000 BC Incubation period: 21 days (average) Risk to life: 8/10 Leprosy After the plague,…

The Black Death

The plague outbreak that suddenly afflicted Europe from 1347–51 was terrifying: it killed up to 60 per cent of the population, and doctors were powerless to treat it. This illness appeared in two main forms: pneumonic plague, which affected the lungs and made the sufferer cough up blood, and bubonic plague, which caused swellings (buboes) on the body, especially in the groin and armpits. Modern-day scientists have identified the cause as the bacterium Yersinia pestis, carried by wild rodents. The bubonic form was transmitted to humans via fleas, but the pneumonic form, the most lethal strain, was transferred from person to person through the air. Contemporaries clearly recognised the forms and symptoms of the plague. The French physician and surgeon Guy de Chauliac witnessed the epidemic in Avignon in 1348,…

The Black Death

BEATING THE BLACK DEATH

Writing about the first outbreak of the English Sweating Sickness of 1485 in London, French physician Thomas Le Forestier provided a gripping eyewitness account that encapsulated the terror it sowed. “We saw two priests standing and speaking together, and we saw both of them die suddenly. Also we saw the wife of a tailor taken and suddenly died. Another young man walking by the street fell down suddenly.” Le Forestier communicated the randomness of epidemic illness: men and women, not only the merchant classes but also the clergy, were vulnerable. Although, as a learned doctor, he had considerable medical expertise, he was powerless to help these people affected by an acute, unknown and deadly fever. It’s no coincidence that Le Forestier defined this illness in terms of sudden death. If…

BEATING THE BLACK DEATH

Inside the medieval medicine cabinet

1. Owls To treat gout. One should: “Take an owl and pluck it clean and open it, clean and salt it. Put it in a new pot and cover it with a stone and put it in an oven and let it stand till it be burnt. And then stamp [pound] it with boar’s grease and anoint the gout therewith.” 2. Snails In lieu of a bag of frozen peas, snail slime was often rubbed on burns and scalds. 3. Bryony This poisonous plant boasted powerful laxative effects. 4. Theriac The most exotic and sought-after of medieval drugs, theriac contained more than 70 ingredients, including vipers’ flesh. It was believed to be a powerful antidote to poisons, as well as to possess other healing properties. 5. St Paul’s Potion One proposed cure for epilepsy, catalepsy and stomach problems was…

Inside the medieval medicine cabinet

Medicine in the medieval monastery

Religious worship may have been the mainstay, but medical expertise was a happy side effect Although we may think of monasteries as centres of religious devotion, they were incredibly important sites of medical care in the Middle Ages. As was the case in lay society, the focus was on staying healthy, with bloodletting, to keep the bodily humours in balance, integrated into the monastic calendar. Most monasteries had their own infirmary, a sick ward where monks and nuns who became unwell could rest and receive treatment. The sick were soothed with remedies containing medicinal plants grown in the monastery’s herb gardens. Most therapeutic expertise was available in-house, since monks and nuns acquired extensive medical knowledge through reading learned medical books, as well as through practical experience. While most surviving medical manuscripts from…

Medicine in the medieval monastery

Infections While modern-day medicine can defeat many infections with antibiotics, no such treatments existed in the Middle Ages. People were aware that wounds, childbirth and surgery were all dangerous moments because of the risks of infection. Although they did not have our understanding of how infections take hold, medieval people knew exactly what they were, sometimes describing them as fevers. First appeared/recorded: Pre-history Incubation period: 1-10 days (for puerperal fever after childbirth) Risk to life: 9/10 The Pox Although the pox only affected Europeans in the 1490s, it immediately caused great anxiety and fear. This sexually transmitted disease, roughly equivalent to modern-day syphilis, caused pain and unsightly swellings, and could attack the nose and the face. Contemporaries linked it to prostitutes and immoral behaviour. First appeared/recorded: c3000 BC Incubation period:…

The Black Death

The plague outbreak that suddenly afflicted Europe from 1347–51 was terrifying: it killed up to 60 per cent of the population, and doctors were powerless to treat it. This illness appeared in two main forms: pneumonic plague, which affected the lungs and made the sufferer cough up blood, and bubonic plague, which caused swellings (buboes) on the body, especially in the groin and armpits. Modern-day scientists have identified the cause as the bacterium Yersinia pestis, carried by wild rodents. The bubonic form was transmitted to humans via fleas, but the pneumonic form, the most lethal strain, was transferred from person to person through the air. Contemporaries clearly recognised the forms and symptoms of the plague. The French physician and surgeon Guy de Chauliac witnessed the epidemic in Avignon in 1348,…

The Black Death

Inside the medieval medicine cabinet

1. Owls To treat gout. One should: “Take an owl and pluck it clean and open it, clean and salt it. Put it in a new pot and cover it with a stone and put it in an oven and let it stand till it be burnt. And then stamp [pound] it with boar’s grease and anoint the gout therewith.” 2. Snails In lieu of a bag of frozen peas, snail slime was often rubbed on burns and scalds. 3. Bryony This poisonous plant boasted powerful laxative effects. 4. Theriac The most exotic and sought-after of medieval drugs, theriac contained more than 70 ingredients, including vipers’ flesh. It was believed to be a powerful antidote to poisons, as well as to possess other healing properties. 5. St Paul’s Potion One…

Inside the medieval medicine cabinet

THE EXTRAORDINARY LIFE OF ARTHUR CRAVAN

On an overcast April evening in Barcelona in 1916, a bizarre boxing bout took place between two men who appeared to have been beamed in from completely opposing galaxies. In one corner flexed the American Jack Johnson, the son of two former slaves who had risen from an impoverished background to be crowned the first black heavyweight boxing champion of the world. And in the other corner trembled a slippery upper class character calling himself Arthur Cravan: an inveterate loudmouth, charlatan, poet-pugilist and professional provocateur, who announced to all who would hear that he was the nephew of Oscar Wilde. Cravan stood at 6 feet 4 inches tall and weighed a little over 100kg. Despite promoters claiming him to be a European boxing champion, the fight was a colossal mismatch, and…

THE EXTRAORDINARY LIFE OF ARTHUR CRAVAN

When, on Boxing Day 1908, Jack Johnson defeated the title-holder Tommy Burns in Sydney, Australia, he became the first black heavyweight champion of the world – but it was a world that reacted with race-laced shock and horror. Prior to this controversial contest, black fighters had competed under their own classification. Johnson had been ‘world colored heavyweight champ’ for almost six years, before Burns became the first to agree to a high-profile bout with a black boxer. His defeat caused a culture quake. A quest to find the new ‘great white hope’ of boxing began, but was knocked down when Johnson was easily victorious in the so-called ‘Fight of the Century’ against former champ Jim Jeffries on 4 July 1910. The result led to race riots across the US and a…

Medicine in the medieval monastery

Religious worship may have been the mainstay, but medical expertise was a happy side effect Although we may think of monasteries as centres of religious devotion, they were incredibly important sites of medical care in the Middle Ages. As was the case in lay society, the focus was on staying healthy, with bloodletting, to keep the bodily humours in balance, integrated into the monastic calendar. Most monasteries had their own infirmary, a sick ward where monks and nuns who became unwell could rest and receive treatment. The sick were soothed with remedies containing medicinal plants grown in the monastery’s herb gardens. Most therapeutic expertise was available in-house, since monks and nuns acquired extensive medical knowledge through reading learned medical books, as well as through practical experience. While most surviving medical…

Medicine in the medieval monastery

MARCEL DUCHAMP The influential French modernist rejected ‘retinal’ art – work aimed at pleasing only the eye – and pioneered pieces that instead challenged the mind. Associated with Cubism and Dada, Duchamp rattled the art world with his 1912 painting ‘Nude Descending a Staircase, No.2’, ridiculed at the time, but now regarded a Modernist classic. Duchamp then turned to recasting everyday items, or ‘ready-mades’, as art, most famously with ‘Fountain’, a porcelain urinal signed ‘R. Mutt’, unveiled at the same exhibition in 1917 where Arthur Cravan was arrested for indecent exposure. DAMIEN HIRST AND TRACEY EMIN Hirst and Emin were leading provocateurs in the gang of ‘Young British Artists’, who used shock tactics to awe audiences, confound critics and infuriate the mainstream press. Hirst (left) made millions by exhibiting dead and dismembered animals…

WARS OF THE ROSES THE LAST BATTLE STOKE FIELD, 16 JUNE 1487

Henry VII may have won the crown at Bosworth in 1485, but there was no guarantee that he would be able to hold onto it – especially as enough disgruntled supporters of the late Richard III remained to make yet another rebellion a distinct possibility. One potential figurehead for such a rebellion was the ten-year old Edward, Earl of Warwick. As the son of Richard’s elder brother George, Duke of Clarence, Warwick had a valid claim to the throne, so Henry wasted no time in placing him in ‘protective custody’ in the Tower of London. Nevertheless, Henry was soon faced with two uprisings – one in the Midlands under Humphrey Stafford, and one in the north led by Richard III’s old friend Francis, Viscount Lovell. As things turned out, neither rising attracted…

WARS OF THE ROSES THE LAST BATTLE STOKE FIELD, 16 JUNE 1487

In 1487, some former supporters of Richard III declared that the imposter ‘Lambert Simnel’ was actually Edward, son of the late Duke of Clarence. Crowning him ‘King Edward VI’, they invaded England in a bid to overthrow the Tudor king Henry VII. On 16 June 1487, in what became the last battle of the Wars of the Roses, their army of Irish levies, Swiss and German mercenaries and a few diehard Yorkists was crushed by Henry VII's forces near Newark. BATTLE FACTS WHEN 16 June 1487 WHERE East Stoke, Nottinghamshire WHO Royalists Henry VII, Jasper Tudor, Earl of Oxford, Lord Strange, c15,000 men versus rebels Earl of Lincoln, Thomas Fitzgerald, Lord Lovell, Martin Schwarz, c8,000 men WHY Attempt to overthrow Henry VII RESULT Decisive royalist victory ALAMY X1, GETTY IMAGES X3…

THE EXTRAORDINARY LIFE OF ARTHUR CRAVAN

On an overcast April evening in Barcelona in 1916, a bizarre boxing bout took place between two men who appeared to have been beamed in from completely opposing galaxies. In one corner flexed the American Jack Johnson, the son of two former slaves who had risen from an impoverished background to be crowned the first black heavyweight boxing champion of the world. And in the other corner trembled a slippery upper class character calling himself Arthur Cravan: an inveterate loudmouth, charlatan, poet-pugilist and professional provocateur, who announced to all who would hear that he was the nephew of Oscar Wilde. Cravan stood at 6 feet 4 inches tall and weighed a little over 100kg. Despite promoters claiming him to be a European boxing champion, the fight was a colossal mismatch,…

THE EXTRAORDINARY LIFE OF ARTHUR CRAVAN

WHO WAS THE SKELETON AT THE TABLE?

Francis, Viscount Lovell, was the only leading rebel to survive the battle. He is said to have escaped by swimming his horse across the Trent, and seems to have fled to Scotland – where, in June 1488, James IV granted him safe conduct. What happened to him after that is a mystery. Writing in the 17th century, Francis Bacon recounts a story that “Lovell lived long after in a cave or vault.” Bearing this in mind, it’s interesting to note that in 1708 some men working at one of Lovell’s former properties, Minster Lovell Hall in Oxfordshire, claimed to have discovered a secret room that contained a skeleton sitting at a table. Was this Lovell’s skeleton or were the workmen just spinning a yarn? We’ll never know, especially as they claimed…

WHO WAS THE SKELETON AT THE TABLE?

When, on Boxing Day 1908, Jack Johnson defeated the title-holder Tommy Burns in Sydney, Australia, he became the first black heavyweight champion of the world – but it was a world that reacted with race-laced shock and horror. Prior to this controversial contest, black fighters had competed under their own classification. Johnson had been ‘world colored heavyweight champ’ for almost six years, before Burns became the first to agree to a high-profile bout with a black boxer. His defeat caused a culture quake. A quest to find the new ‘great white hope’ of boxing began, but was knocked down when Johnson was easily victorious in the so-called ‘Fight of the Century’ against former champ Jim Jeffries on 4 July 1910. The result led to race riots across the US and…

WARBECK: PRINCE OR IMPOSTER?

Between 1490 and 1497, Henry VII was plagued by another pretender: ‘Perkin Warbeck’, who claimed to be Richard, the younger son of Edward IV. At one time or another, Warbeck would receive the support of Margaret of Burgundy, Charles VIII of France, Emperor Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire and James IV of Scotland, all of whom saw Warbeck as a golden opportunity to make life difficult for their Tudor rival. Some powerful men in England also toyed with supporting him, notably William Stanley, a veteran of Bosworth who was executed in 1495 after getting involved in a pro-Warbeck plot. After two earlier failed invasions of England Warbeck landed in Cornwall in 1497. He attracted a fair degree of support but lost his nerve and surrendered. After confessing that he was actually…

WARBECK: PRINCE OR IMPOSTER?

MARCEL DUCHAMP The influential French modernist rejected ‘retinal’ art – work aimed at pleasing only the eye – and pioneered pieces that instead challenged the mind. Associated with Cubism and Dada, Duchamp rattled the art world with his 1912 painting ‘Nude Descending a Staircase, No.2’, ridiculed at the time, but now regarded a Modernist classic. Duchamp then turned to recasting everyday items, or ‘ready-mades’, as art, most famously with ‘Fountain’, a porcelain urinal signed ‘R. Mutt’, unveiled at the same exhibition in 1917 where Arthur Cravan was arrested for indecent exposure. DAMIEN HIRST AND TRACEY EMIN Hirst and Emin were leading provocateurs in the gang of ‘Young British Artists’, who used shock tactics to awe audiences, confound critics and infuriate the mainstream press. Hirst (left) made millions by exhibiting dead…

GRAPHIC HISTORY NUCLEAR TESTING

THE FIRST TEST: 16 JULY 1945 Since 1945, more than 2,000 nuclear tests have been carried out at more than 60 locations around the world The atomic age dawns at 5.29am on 16 July 1945 in Alamogordo, New Mexico, when the US detonates a 21-kiloton (kt) bomb named ‘Trinity’. It is a roaring success, born out of the Manhattan Project, the US’s World War II nuclear weapons programme. Years later Robert Oppenheimer, director of the lab in which the bomb was built, said of that moment: “We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people cried. Most people were silent.” Less than a month after ‘Trinity’, the US drops ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’ on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. THERE ARE 4 ‘TYPES’ OF TEST ATMOSPHERIC More…

GRAPHIC HISTORY NUCLEAR TESTING

WARS OF THE ROSES THE LAST BATTLE STOKE FIELD, 16 JUNE 1487

Henry VII may have won the crown at Bosworth in 1485, but there was no guarantee that he would be able to hold onto it – especially as enough disgruntled supporters of the late Richard III remained to make yet another rebellion a distinct possibility. One potential figurehead for such a rebellion was the ten-year old Edward, Earl of Warwick. As the son of Richard’s elder brother George, Duke of Clarence, Warwick had a valid claim to the throne, so Henry wasted no time in placing him in ‘protective custody’ in the Tower of London. Nevertheless, Henry was soon faced with two uprisings – one in the Midlands under Humphrey Stafford, and one in the north led by Richard III’s old friend Francis, Viscount Lovell. As things turned out, neither…

WARS OF THE ROSES THE LAST BATTLE STOKE FIELD, 16 JUNE 1487

FROM BALLROOM TO BATTLEFIELD

If it wasn’t for the chaos caused by an uninvited and most unwelcome guest, the Duchess of Richmond’s ball on 15 June 1815 would have been just another high society party in history. But since it was held in Brussels on the very day that Napoleon’s troops stormed into what is present-day Belgium, it became the stuff of legend, forever remembered as the glamorous prologue to the horrors of the battlefield at Waterloo. There’s no doubt that the highly romanticised fictional accounts of writers like Lord Byron and William Thackeray played their part in that. But just how much did they embellish the events of that fateful evening? “As spring turned to summer, there seemed to be no immediate threat” Well for a start, the Duchess – Charlotte Lennox – never intended her…

FROM BALLROOM TO BATTLEFIELD

AN INVITATION TO THE BALL...

The most recent Waterloo-era programme to hit TV screens is ITV’s six-part drama Belgravia. The brainchild of Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes, the period drama – due to start in early Spring – is set amongst the upper echelons of 19th-century London society. The story begins on 15 June 1815, as British society – including the Trenchard family – attend the Duchess of Richmond’s ball on the eve of the Battle of Quatre Bras, an event that presaged a dramatic chain of events... see page 84 for details.…

AN INVITATION TO THE BALL...

In 1487, some former supporters of Richard III declared that the imposter ‘Lambert Simnel’ was actually Edward, son of the late Duke of Clarence. Crowning him ‘King Edward VI’, they invaded England in a bid to overthrow the Tudor king Henry VII. On 16 June 1487, in what became the last battle of the Wars of the Roses, their army of Irish levies, Swiss and German mercenaries and a few diehard Yorkists was crushed by Henry VII's forces near Newark. BATTLE FACTS WHEN 16 June 1487 WHERE East Stoke, Nottinghamshire WHO Royalists Henry VII, Jasper Tudor, Earl of Oxford, Lord Strange, c15,000 men versus rebels Earl of Lincoln, Thomas Fitzgerald, Lord Lovell, Martin Schwarz, c8,000 men WHY Attempt to overthrow Henry VII RESULT Decisive royalist victory…

WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?

The fighting at Quatre Bras the following day was intense but inconclusive. So close was the battlefield to Brussels that some officers rode back after the initial skirmish to eat and sleep. Covered in dirt, they had little good news for the anxious civilians, who were left unsure whether to make a hasty retreat. But 17 June did not bring a French attack as many feared. Pouring into the streets instead were the dead and injured Allied soldiers. After months of frivolous partying, Brussels’ British community was put to work tending the wounded as the city became an open-air hospital. As Wellington had predicted, Quatre Bras was the precursor to the fierce battle that followed at Waterloo on the 18th. Despite suffering 23,000 casualties (killed or wounded), the Allies emerged victorious.…

WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?

WHO WAS THE SKELETON AT THE TABLE?

Francis, Viscount Lovell, was the only leading rebel to survive the battle. He is said to have escaped by swimming his horse across the Trent, and seems to have fled to Scotland – where, in June 1488, James IV granted him safe conduct. What happened to him after that is a mystery. Writing in the 17th century, Francis Bacon recounts a story that “Lovell lived long after in a cave or vault.” Bearing this in mind, it’s interesting to note that in 1708 some men working at one of Lovell’s former properties, Minster Lovell Hall in Oxfordshire, claimed to have discovered a secret room that contained a skeleton sitting at a table. Was this Lovell’s skeleton or were the workmen just spinning a yarn? We’ll never know, especially as they…

WHO WAS THE SKELETON AT THE TABLE?

HOW THE NAZIS STOLE THE SWASTIKA

Heinrich Schliemann had grown obsessed with finding Troy, the lost city of Greek mythology, and believed the epics of Homer would show him the way. A wealthy businessman from Germany, in 1868 he set out with his copy of The Iliad to search the Mediterranean. Several years passed, the findings proved disappointing and he came close to giving up before a British amateur archaeologist named Frank Calvert made a suggestion: Schliemann should dig at the mysterious mound of Hisarlik on the Aegean coast of Turkey. There, during the 1870s, Schliemann unearthed layers of civilisations dating back thousands of years, and declared the oldest to be Troy. The city of legend had been found – although it turned out to be a different layer than the one Schliemann thought – as well…

HOW THE NAZIS STOLE THE SWASTIKA

WARBECK: PRINCE OR IMPOSTER?

Between 1490 and 1497, Henry VII was plagued by another pretender: ‘Perkin Warbeck’, who claimed to be Richard, the younger son of Edward IV. At one time or another, Warbeck would receive the support of Margaret of Burgundy, Charles VIII of France, Emperor Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire and James IV of Scotland, all of whom saw Warbeck as a golden opportunity to make life difficult for their Tudor rival. Some powerful men in England also toyed with supporting him, notably William Stanley, a veteran of Bosworth who was executed in 1495 after getting involved in a pro-Warbeck plot. After two earlier failed invasions of England Warbeck landed in Cornwall in 1497. He attracted a fair degree of support but lost his nerve and surrendered. After confessing that…

WARBECK: PRINCE OR IMPOSTER?

SWASTIKAS FROM SPACE?

That the swastika appeared in countless cultures separated by huge distances and oceans may be down to its simple yet aesthetically pleasing geometric design. It could be drawn or carved easily, while having a real sense of cyclical movement to give it symbolic substance. But one intriguing theory suggests that these disparate prehistoric peoples may not have adopted the same symbol by chance. Rather, they all came to be inspired by the same astronomical event. In the 1982 book Cosmic Serpent, astrophysicist Victor Clube and author Bill Napier examine a Chinese manuscript from the Han Dynasty, written on silk during the second century BC, depicting a variety of possible comet tails. Among them is one that looks much like a swastika, produced by a spinning comet that creates a pinwheel-style tail…

SWASTIKAS FROM SPACE?

GRAPHIC HISTORY NUCLEAR TESTING

THE FIRST TEST: 16 JULY 1945 Since 1945, more than 2,000 nuclear tests have been carried out at more than 60 locations around the world The atomic age dawns at 5.29am on 16 July 1945 in Alamogordo, New Mexico, when the US detonates a 21-kiloton (kt) bomb named ‘Trinity’. It is a roaring success, born out of the Manhattan Project, the US’s World War II nuclear weapons programme. Years later Robert Oppenheimer, director of the lab in which the bomb was built, said of that moment: “We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people cried. Most people were silent.” Less than a month after ‘Trinity’, the US drops ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’ on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. THERE…

GRAPHIC HISTORY NUCLEAR TESTING

FROM BALLROOM TO BATTLEFIELD

If it wasn’t for the chaos caused by an uninvited and most unwelcome guest, the Duchess of Richmond’s ball on 15 June 1815 would have been just another high society party in history. But since it was held in Brussels on the very day that Napoleon’s troops stormed into what is present-day Belgium, it became the stuff of legend, forever remembered as the glamorous prologue to the horrors of the battlefield at Waterloo. There’s no doubt that the highly romanticised fictional accounts of writers like Lord Byron and William Thackeray played their part in that. But just how much did they embellish the events of that fateful evening? “As spring turned to summer, there seemed to be no immediate threat” Well for a start, the Duchess – Charlotte Lennox –…

FROM BALLROOM TO BATTLEFIELD

ADOPTING THE SWASTIKA

1. Drink to prosperity A border of swastikas decorate this Coca Cola advert from 1916. 2. Sporting symbol Canadian ice hockey team the Windsor Swastikas (pictured here in 1910) hoped the ancient symbol would bring success. 3. Ancient decoration This pot from 8th-century BC Greece features the reverse swastika. 4. Lucky charm Pioneer aviator Matilde Moisant (pictured in c1911) wears a swastika for good luck. 5. Divine approval This 5th/6th-century BC pendant depicts Norse god Odin on horseback with a swastika. 6. Neck knack A terracotta figurine from the 7th century BC with neck swastikas. 7. Swastika city Swastika (founded in c1908) in Ontario, Canada, was named after the nearby Swastika Gold Mine. 8. Eastern prosperity A bronze cross from 1st-millennium AD China. ALAMY X1, GETTY IMAGES X5, HERITAGE AUCTIONS, HA.COM X1, TOPFOTO X1…

ADOPTING THE SWASTIKA

THE FOREST SWASTIKAS

In 1992, an intern at a German landscaping company was tasked with scouring through aerial photographs of a Brandenburg forest for irrigation lines when he spotted something that broke the tedium of his search. In an area filled with green pines stood around 140 larch trees, turned yellow-brown in the autumn, forming the unmistakable shape of a swastika (pictured right). This was no natural accident, but a piece of horticultural propaganda. The trees had been planted in the 1930s by Hitler’s supporters during his rise to power. The ‘forest swastika’ remained hidden for decades as the larches only changed colour in the autumn – meaning it would be visible for a narrow window each year – and it could only be seen from low-flying aircraft, which had been banned from the…

THE FOREST SWASTIKAS

AN INVITATION TO THE BALL...

The most recent Waterloo-era programme to hit TV screens is ITV’s six-part drama Belgravia. The brainchild of Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes, the period drama – due to start in early Spring – is set amongst the upper echelons of 19th-century London society. The story begins on 15 June 1815, as British society – including the Trenchard family – attend the Duchess of Richmond’s ball on the eve of the Battle of Quatre Bras, an event that presaged a dramatic chain of events... see page 84 for details.…

AN INVITATION TO THE BALL...

TOP 10 BOTCHED EXECUTIONS

1 THE WRATH OF THE KING Being the right-hand man of Henry VIII was a dangerous position to be in – something Thomas Cromwell, the King’s chief minister from 1532-40 knew all too well. It was Henry’s marriage to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, that proved Cromwell’s downfall – Cromwell himself had been the mastermind behind the disastrous match, which was annulled six months after the January 1540 wedding. By June of the same year, Cromwell’s enemies had persuaded the King that he was a traitor. Cromwell was executed on Tower Hill on 28 July. “[He] patiently suffered the stroke of the axe, by a ragged and butcherly miser, who very ungoodly [sic] performed the office,” wrote contemporary historian Edward Hall, whose description has led many to believe that the beheading…

TOP 10 BOTCHED EXECUTIONS

WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?

The fighting at Quatre Bras the following day was intense but inconclusive. So close was the battlefield to Brussels that some officers rode back after the initial skirmish to eat and sleep. Covered in dirt, they had little good news for the anxious civilians, who were left unsure whether to make a hasty retreat. But 17 June did not bring a French attack as many feared. Pouring into the streets instead were the dead and injured Allied soldiers. After months of frivolous partying, Brussels’ British community was put to work tending the wounded as the city became an open-air hospital. As Wellington had predicted, Quatre Bras was the precursor to the fierce battle that followed at Waterloo on the 18th. Despite suffering 23,000 casualties (killed or wounded), the Allies emerged…

WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?

HOW THE NAZIS STOLE THE SWASTIKA

Heinrich Schliemann had grown obsessed with finding Troy, the lost city of Greek mythology, and believed the epics of Homer would show him the way. A wealthy businessman from Germany, in 1868 he set out with his copy of The Iliad to search the Mediterranean. Several years passed, the findings proved disappointing and he came close to giving up before a British amateur archaeologist named Frank Calvert made a suggestion: Schliemann should dig at the mysterious mound of Hisarlik on the Aegean coast of Turkey. There, during the 1870s, Schliemann unearthed layers of civilisations dating back thousands of years, and declared the oldest to be Troy. The city of legend had been found – although it turned out to be a different layer than the one Schliemann thought – as…

HOW THE NAZIS STOLE THE SWASTIKA

SWASTIKAS FROM SPACE?

That the swastika appeared in countless cultures separated by huge distances and oceans may be down to its simple yet aesthetically pleasing geometric design. It could be drawn or carved easily, while having a real sense of cyclical movement to give it symbolic substance. But one intriguing theory suggests that these disparate prehistoric peoples may not have adopted the same symbol by chance. Rather, they all came to be inspired by the same astronomical event. In the 1982 book Cosmic Serpent, astrophysicist Victor Clube and author Bill Napier examine a Chinese manuscript from the Han Dynasty, written on silk during the second century BC, depicting a variety of possible comet tails. Among them is one that looks much like a swastika, produced by a spinning comet that creates a pinwheel-style…

SWASTIKAS FROM SPACE?

The Spanish Armada, a fleet of around 150 ships carrying nearly 30,000 men, had been built for one purpose: the invasion of England. Philip II of Spain had a mission to overthrow the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I and restore Catholicism to the country. A further strategic gain from this ‘Enterprise of England’ would be to end English support for Protestant Dutch rebels in the Spanish Netherlands. His ‘Great and Most Fortunate Navy’ set sail in May 1588, but encountered a maelstrom of misfortune and setbacks. Once at Plymouth, the Armada was outmanoeuvred by quicker English ships and chased to Calais, where the promised Spanish army for the invasion failed to appear. The Armada was then broken up by an English fireship attack, then horrendous weather, forcing a retreat to Spain via…

ADOPTING THE SWASTIKA

1. Drink to prosperity A border of swastikas decorate this Coca Cola advert from 1916. 2. Sporting symbol Canadian ice hockey team the Windsor Swastikas (pictured here in 1910) hoped the ancient symbol would bring success. 3. Ancient decoration This pot from 8th-century BC Greece features the reverse swastika. 4. Lucky charm Pioneer aviator Matilde Moisant (pictured in c1911) wears a swastika for good luck. 5. Divine approval This 5th/6th-century BC pendant depicts Norse god Odin on horseback with a swastika. 6. Neck knack A terracotta figurine from the 7th century BC with neck swastikas. 7. Swastika city Swastika (founded in c1908) in Ontario, Canada, was named after the nearby Swastika Gold Mine. 8. Eastern prosperity A bronze cross from 1st-millennium AD China.…

ADOPTING THE SWASTIKA

WHAT IF... ...THE SPANISH ARMADA HAD LANDED?

Victory over the Spanish Armada is remembered as one of England’s greatest military triumphs and a key moment in the nation’s naval supremacy. Jonny Wilkes talks to historian Robert Hutchinson about how things could have gone differently... King Philip II of Spain ordered his ‘invincible’ fleet to sail up the English Channel and rendezvous with a 30,000-strong Spanish army waiting at Calais, before turning towards the coast of Kent. Once on English soil, the invasion force – under the command of the Duke of Parma, governor of the Spanish Netherlands – headed straight for London, took Queen Elizabeth I and her ministers hostage, and called for Catholics to rise up in rebellion. England was Catholic once more... At least, that was what the Spanish hoped would happen. Instead, the events of 1588 are…

WHAT IF... ...THE SPANISH ARMADA HAD LANDED?

THE FOREST SWASTIKAS

In 1992, an intern at a German landscaping company was tasked with scouring through aerial photographs of a Brandenburg forest for irrigation lines when he spotted something that broke the tedium of his search. In an area filled with green pines stood around 140 larch trees, turned yellow-brown in the autumn, forming the unmistakable shape of a swastika (pictured right). This was no natural accident, but a piece of horticultural propaganda. The trees had been planted in the 1930s by Hitler’s supporters during his rise to power. The ‘forest swastika’ remained hidden for decades as the larches only changed colour in the autumn – meaning it would be visible for a narrow window each year – and it could only be seen from low-flying aircraft, which had been banned from…

THE FOREST SWASTIKAS

TOP 10 BOTCHED EXECUTIONS

1 THE WRATH OF THE KING Being the right-hand man of Henry VIII was a dangerous position to be in – something Thomas Cromwell, the King’s chief minister from 1532-40 knew all too well. It was Henry’s marriage to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, that proved Cromwell’s downfall – Cromwell himself had been the mastermind behind the disastrous match, which was annulled six months after the January 1540 wedding. By June of the same year, Cromwell’s enemies had persuaded the King that he was a traitor. Cromwell was executed on Tower Hill on 28 July. “[He] patiently suffered the stroke of the axe, by a ragged and butcherly miser, who very ungoodly [sic] performed the office,” wrote contemporary historian Edward Hall, whose description has led many to believe that…

TOP 10 BOTCHED EXECUTIONS

Q&A YOU ASK, WE ANSWER

Was Zorro based on a real person? SHORT ANSWER Perhaps, but we’re not sure. Much like the mythos of Robin Hood, there are candidates for a real-life Zorro, but the truth is likely lost to time… LONG ANSWER Like his English equivalent Robin Hood, much of the Zorro legend is made up of folktale, fiction and a loose association with real historical outlaws. American writer Johnston McCulley created the character for a story called The Curse of Capistrano, first published in All-Story Weekly in 1919. The action-packed deeds of the young nobleman in early 19th-century Spanish-ruled California, who donned a black mask, hat and cape, and defended the victimised poor from their oppressors – carving his trademark Z with three swishes of his blade – immediately appealed. The next year, Zorro became a…

Q&A YOU ASK, WE ANSWER

IRATE PIRATE Within days of Louisiana governor William Claiborne o!ering a $500 reward for the capture of 19th-century French pirate Jean Lafitte, handbills were being passed around New Orleans putting a bounty on the governor’s head. CAPITAL IDEA On 17 November 1873, the towns of Buda, Pest and Obuda on the banks of the River Danube in Hungary were o"cially joined to form the city of Budapest. Before this, they were more often referred to as Pest-Buda. LIKE A DUCK TO WATER Saint David gained the nickname of Dewi Dyfrwr (‘David the water drinker’) because of his modest monk’s diet – of just bread and water. Even meat and beer were forbidden. CAPTAIN’S CHOICE? Rum brand Captain Morgan is named after a real captain, a 17th-century Welsh privateer. Sir Henry Morgan launched his raids from his base…

TV, FILM & RADIO

Truth, lies and national identity Royal History’s Biggest Fibs with Lucy Worsley BBC iPlayer, available now The title of the Biggest Fibs strand is misleadingly throwaway because Lucy Worsley’s purpose here, for all her lightness of touch as a presenter, is inherently serious. These are documentaries that debunk the kinds of myths and miss-tellings that are treasured by those who believe them – or even have a vested interest in promoting these stories. The first episode of the latest series finds Worsley interrogating the English Reformation, Henry VIII’s break with Rome. This is often told as a kind of tragicomic soap opera, in which lusty action man Henry was determined to marry his young mistress in the hope Anne Boleyn would give him a male heir. It’s a schism that’s also sometimes portrayed as…

TV, FILM & RADIO

EVENTS & EXHIBITIONS

EXHIBITION Kimono: Kyoto to Catwalk PAID ENTRY V&A, opens on 29 February, vam.ac.uk/exhibitions/ kimonokyoto-to-catwalk The kimono – the elaborate and colourful national dress of Japan – has existed in some form since the early Middle Ages. Since the 1660s, however, the garment has taken on a more significant role in both fashion and society. A vibrant fashion culture developed in Japan, and the kimono became a garment that showed off its wearer’s wealth and taste. The kimono’s simple design meant its patterns were given space to shine. The trendsetters of the day – actors and courtesans – were responsible for boosting the kimono into the height of society. In the 17th century, the kimono began being exported to Europe and in turn, foreign fabrics arrived into Japan. By the late 19th century, Japanese design…

EVENTS & EXHIBITIONS

WHAT IF... ...THE SPANISH ARMADA HAD LANDED?

Victory over the Spanish Armada is remembered as one of England’s greatest military triumphs and a key moment in the nation’s naval supremacy. Jonny Wilkes talks to historian Robert Hutchinson about how things could have gone differently... King Philip II of Spain ordered his ‘invincible’ fleet to sail up the English Channel and rendezvous with a 30,000-strong Spanish army waiting at Calais, before turning towards the coast of Kent. Once on English soil, the invasion force – under the command of the Duke of Parma, governor of the Spanish Netherlands – headed straight for London, took Queen Elizabeth I and her ministers hostage, and called for Catholics to rise up in rebellion. England was Catholic once more... At least, that was what the Spanish hoped would happen. Instead, the events…

WHAT IF... ...THE SPANISH ARMADA HAD LANDED?

The Spanish Armada, a fleet of around 150 ships carrying nearly 30,000 men, had been built for one purpose: the invasion of England. Philip II of Spain had a mission to overthrow the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I and restore Catholicism to the country. A further strategic gain from this ‘Enterprise of England’ would be to end English support for Protestant Dutch rebels in the Spanish Netherlands. His ‘Great and Most Fortunate Navy’ set sail in May 1588, but encountered a maelstrom of misfortune and setbacks. Once at Plymouth, the Armada was outmanoeuvred by quicker English ships and chased to Calais, where the promised Spanish army for the invasion failed to appear. The Armada was then broken up by an English fireship attack, then horrendous weather, forcing a retreat to Spain…

LAST CHANCE TO SEE...

British Baroque: Power and Illusion PAID ENTRY Tate Britain, until 19 April, tate.org.uk/whats-on/ tatebritain/exhibition/british-baroque A chance to explore an often-overlooked era of art history, with many pieces of work on display for the first time. King George IV: Royalty, Racing and Reputation PAID ENTRY National Heritage Centre for Horseracing & Sporting Art, Palace House, Newmarket, Suffolk, until 19 April, palacehousenewmarket.co.uk/visiting/george-iv-exhibition George IV was a lover of both art and horse racing: this exhibition will explore these two royal interests.…

10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT... KENSINGTON PALACE LONDON

1 Kensington Palace was once a modest mansion in a small village, three miles from central London. William III and Mary II set their sights on the house in 1689 when looking for a country retreat away from the city. 2 Queen Anne spent significant sums improving the gardens, which had fallen into neglect after Mary’s death. 3 In 1710, the palace was the scene of a final showdown between Queen Anne and her former favourite, Sarah Churchill. Sarah received a final rebuttal and the two women never saw each other again. 4 In 1734, an extraordinary meeting took place at Kensington, when James Oglethorpe, founder of the American colony of Georgia, brought a delegation of Creek chiefs to meet George II. Yamacraw chief Tomochichi gave the king eagle feathers as a symbol of…

10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT... KENSINGTON PALACE LONDON

1605-19 A Jacobean mansion is built in Kensington village, outside central London. It is later purchased by the 1st Earl of Nottingham and becomes known as Nottingham House. 1689-91 Joint monarchs William III and Mary II purchase Nottingham House, renaming it, and architect Christopher Wren begins its expansion. A fire in 1691 leads to an overhaul of the royal apartments. 1704 Queen Anne adds the orangery and improves the garden. 1727-37 The golden age of the palace, during which George II and his wife Caroline would hold grand parties. After his death in 1760, it began being used by minor royalty. 1832-37 The King’s Gallery is partitioned into three rooms for the Princess Victoria. The palace falls into disrepair after Victoria ascends the throne in 1837 and moves to Buckingham Palace. 1897-99 Nostalgic for her childhood home, Queen Victoria persuades parliament…

Q&A YOU ASK, WE ANSWER

Was Zorro based on a real person? SHORT ANSWER Perhaps, but we’re not sure. Much like the mythos of Robin Hood, there are candidates for a real-life Zorro, but the truth is likely lost to time… LONG ANSWER Like his English equivalent Robin Hood, much of the Zorro legend is made up of folktale, fiction and a loose association with real historical outlaws. American writer Johnston McCulley created the character for a story called The Curse of Capistrano, first published in All-Story Weekly in 1919. The action-packed deeds of the young nobleman in early 19th-century Spanish-ruled California, who donned a black mask, hat and cape, and defended the victimised poor from their oppressors – carving his trademark Z with three swishes of his blade – immediately appealed. The next year,…

Q&A YOU ASK, WE ANSWER

WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR...

THE KING’S STAIRCASE Those wishing to have an audience with George I and his successors would have to walk up this grand staircase. It boasts many images of the Royal Court – including Peter the Wild Boy, a child found in the woods of Germany in 1725 and brought to Britain. THE KING’S GALLERY The largest state apartment in the palace, this room was transformed for George I in 1725. Red damask covers the walls and the woodwork is painted white and gold – a trend that would remain fashionable for the rest of the 18th century. THE PRIVY CHAMBER Mars, the Roman god of war and Minerva, goddess of wisdom, are depicted on the ceiling of the Privy Chamber. They may have been intended to represent the Prince and Princess of Wales – later…

WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR...

IRATE PIRATE Within days of Louisiana governor William Claiborne o!ering a $500 reward for the capture of 19th-century French pirate Jean Lafitte, handbills were being passed around New Orleans putting a bounty on the governor’s head. CAPITAL IDEA On 17 November 1873, the towns of Buda, Pest and Obuda on the banks of the River Danube in Hungary were o"cially joined to form the city of Budapest. Before this, they were more often referred to as Pest-Buda. LIKE A DUCK TO WATER Saint David gained the nickname of Dewi Dyfrwr (‘David the water drinker’) because of his modest monk’s diet – of just bread and water. Even meat and beer were forbidden. CAPTAIN’S CHOICE? Rum brand Captain Morgan is named after a real captain, a 17th-century Welsh privateer. Sir Henry…

BOOKS & AUDIO BOOKS

SINCLAIR MCKAY explores why the bombing of Dresden 75 years ago continues to haunt our imaginations so vividly, and what this tragic episode was like for those who lived in the city If we are to label the bombing of Dresden as a ‘war crime’, then we must go back over the entire bombing war What perspective does your book offer on the bombing of Dresden in 1945? Dresden is a by-word for nightmarish annihilation and the horrors of total war. But there are some Dresdeners who now ask: why does this particular attack command so much attention when other German cities – such as Pforzheim, Magdeburg and Hamburg – were also devastated? Is it simply because Dresden was, and is, so beautiful? On the 75th anniversary of the bombing, the book explores…

BOOKS & AUDIO BOOKS

Dresden: The Fire and the Darkness

Seventy-five years ago, in the dying days of World War II, the Allies bombed Dresden. It unleashed a firestorm that destroyed more than 6km of the German city and left around 23,000 people dead. The events of February 1945 remain controversial: was the act defensible, militarily or morally? This minute-by-minute retelling tackles these big questions, but also – by drawing on letters and diaries from the Dresden City Archive – never loses sight of the experiences of people who witnessed, and suffered, the attack first-hand.…

Dresden: The Fire and the Darkness

TV, FILM & RADIO

Truth, lies and national identity Royal History’s Biggest Fibs with Lucy Worsley BBC iPlayer, available now The title of the Biggest Fibs strand is misleadingly throwaway because Lucy Worsley’s purpose here, for all her lightness of touch as a presenter, is inherently serious. These are documentaries that debunk the kinds of myths and miss-tellings that are treasured by those who believe them – or even have a vested interest in promoting these stories. The first episode of the latest series finds Worsley interrogating the English Reformation, Henry VIII’s break with Rome. This is often told as a kind of tragicomic soap opera, in which lusty action man Henry was determined to marry his young mistress in the hope Anne Boleyn would give him a male heir. It’s a schism that’s…

TV, FILM & RADIO

SIX MORE BOOKS TO READ

The Zookeepers’ War: An Incredible True Story from the Cold War JW Mohnhaupt, Simon and Schuster, £18.99, hardback, 272 pages Berlin, 1960; a city divided. Much has been written about the divergent experiences of those living on the east and west sides of the wall, but this fascinating book explores the schism through an unusual lens: the city’s zoos. Yes, even the public display of animals wasn’t exempt from duelling efforts to prove the communist or capitalist way of life superior – and in this evocative, humanistic account, the pressures and peculiarities of the Cold War are brought to life. Ancient Egyptian Magic: A Hands-On Guide Christina Riggs, Thames and Hudson, £14.95, hardback, 208 pages Regardless of the common cynicism in the 21st-century West, the fact remains that magic was a central tenet in myriad…

SIX MORE BOOKS TO READ

EVENTS & EXHIBITIONS

EXHIBITION Kimono: Kyoto to Catwalk PAID ENTRY V&A, opens on 29 February, vam.ac.uk/exhibitions/ kimonokyoto-to-catwalk The kimono – the elaborate and colourful national dress of Japan – has existed in some form since the early Middle Ages. Since the 1660s, however, the garment has taken on a more significant role in both fashion and society. A vibrant fashion culture developed in Japan, and the kimono became a garment that showed off its wearer’s wealth and taste. The kimono’s simple design meant its patterns were given space to shine. The trendsetters of the day – actors and courtesans – were responsible for boosting the kimono into the height of society. In the 17th century, the kimono began being exported to Europe and in turn, foreign fabrics arrived into Japan. By the late…

EVENTS & EXHIBITIONS

OUR PICK OF AUDIO BOOKS

Nancy Wake: World War Two's Most Rebellious Spy Russell Braddon (narrated by Nico Evers-Swindell), Brilliance Audio, £20.20, runtime 9 hours 5 minutes Daring rescue missions; frantic escapes; desperate losses of those closest to her: the story of World War II spy Nancy Wake has all of this and more, in this dynamic telling of Russell Brandon’s recent biography. “A rebel, always laughing, and very, very feminine,” the first chapter opens, and that’s a fair summation of a woman who became a key figure in the French Resistance and who helped Allied airmen escape the clutches of the Nazis. Making Our Way Home Blair Imani (narrated by Tay Zonday, Blair Imani and Patrisse Cullors), Random House Audio, £16.88, runtime 5 hours 36 minutes Spanning the decades between 1916 and 1970, the so-called Great Migration saw six…

OUR PICK OF AUDIO BOOKS

LAST CHANCE TO SEE...

British Baroque: Power and Illusion PAID ENTRY Tate Britain, until 19 April, tate.org.uk/whats-on/ tatebritain/exhibition/british-baroque A chance to explore an often-overlooked era of art history, with many pieces of work on display for the first time. King George IV: Royalty, Racing and Reputation PAID ENTRY National Heritage Centre for Horseracing & Sporting Art, Palace House, Newmarket, Suffolk, until 19 April, palacehousenewmarket.co.uk/visiting/george-iv-exhibition George IV was a lover of both art and horse racing: this exhibition will explore these two royal interests.…

THIS MONTH… three podcasts on Lenin and the Romanovs

Robert Service on the downfall of Nicholas II historyextra.com/period/ancient-egypt/ the-russian-revolution-and-myths-of-ancient-egypt When Nicholas II was ousted from power by the Bolsheviks in Russia in 1917, it marked the end of a 300-year-old dynasty – and the start of a turbulent period in the country’s history. In this podcast from 2017, historian Robert Service discusses the extent to which this pivotal moment can be attributed to Nicholas’s failings, or whether he was simply a man in the midst of a very difficult situation. Helen Rappaport on the murder of the Romanovs historyextra.com/period/edwardian/ the-murder-ofthe-romanovs The Romanovs were held prisoner and finally executed by the Bolsheviks in July 1918. Their tragic fates – particularly those of Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia and Alexei, all of whom were younger than 22 when they died – has long captured the popular imagination.…

THIS MONTH… three podcasts on Lenin and the Romanovs

10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT... KENSINGTON PALACE LONDON

1 Kensington Palace was once a modest mansion in a small village, three miles from central London. William III and Mary II set their sights on the house in 1689 when looking for a country retreat away from the city. 2 Queen Anne spent significant sums improving the gardens, which had fallen into neglect after Mary’s death. 3 In 1710, the palace was the scene of a final showdown between Queen Anne and her former favourite, Sarah Churchill. Sarah received a final rebuttal and the two women never saw each other again. 4 In 1734, an extraordinary meeting took place at Kensington, when James Oglethorpe, founder of the American colony of Georgia, brought a delegation of Creek chiefs to meet George II. Yamacraw chief Tomochichi gave the king eagle feathers…

10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT...
KENSINGTON PALACE LONDON

HISTORICAL FICTION....

Hamnet By Maggie O’Farrell Tinder Press, 31 March 2020, £19.99, hardback Very little is known about the only son of playwright William Shakespeare, except that he died at the age of 11. The life of young Hamnet and the effect that his premature death had on his father is reimagined by Maggie O’Farrell in an emotional departure from her previous works. Did the young boy’s death influence the bard’s later writing? And is the name of one of his most famous plays, Hamlet, a coincidence – was Shakespeare trying to tell us something?…

HISTORICAL FICTION....

1605-19 A Jacobean mansion is built in Kensington village, outside central London. It is later purchased by the 1st Earl of Nottingham and becomes known as Nottingham House. 1689-91 Joint monarchs William III and Mary II purchase Nottingham House, renaming it, and architect Christopher Wren begins its expansion. A fire in 1691 leads to an overhaul of the royal apartments. 1704 Queen Anne adds the orangery and improves the garden. 1727-37 The golden age of the palace, during which George II and his wife Caroline would hold grand parties. After his death in 1760, it began being used by minor royalty. 1832-37 The King’s Gallery is partitioned into three rooms for the Princess Victoria. The palace falls into disrepair after Victoria ascends the throne in 1837 and moves to Buckingham…

Twice a week, his father told him, he must walk the mile or so out of town, along the stream, to this low-lying hall, surrounded by sheep, where he must run the younger boys through their lessons. He had had no warning of this plan, this web being spun around him. His father had called him into the workshop one evening, as the household was preparing for bed, to tell him that he was to go to Hewlands to ‘start drumming some education into the boys there’. The tutor had stood in the doorway and stared hard at his father. When, he asked, was this arranged? His father and mother had been wiping and polishing the tools in preparation for the next day. Doesn’t concern you, his father said. All…

WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR...

THE KING’S STAIRCASE Those wishing to have an audience with George I and his successors would have to walk up this grand staircase. It boasts many images of the Royal Court – including Peter the Wild Boy, a child found in the woods of Germany in 1725 and brought to Britain. THE KING’S GALLERY The largest state apartment in the palace, this room was transformed for George I in 1725. Red damask covers the walls and the woodwork is painted white and gold – a trend that would remain fashionable for the rest of the 18th century. THE PRIVY CHAMBER Mars, the Roman god of war and Minerva, goddess of wisdom, are depicted on the ceiling of the Privy Chamber. They may have been intended to represent the Prince and…

WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR...

Maggie O'Farrell is the author of eight novels and a memoir. Her 2016 novel This Must Be The Place was shortlisted for a Costa Book Award and two of her previous novels have won this prize. Hamnet is her first novel set pre-20th century. What inspired you to focus on Hamnet Shakespeare, and how much do we actually know about his life? We know he was born, and we know he died but apart from that, pretty much nothing. I have always been struck by how little space Hamnet was given in biographies. There's usually a paragraph about how common child mortality was in the late-16th century, but the implication was that it wasn’t that upsetting to lose a child because it happened a lot. It seemed preposterous to me because it…

BOOKS & AUDIO BOOKS

SINCLAIR MCKAY explores why the bombing of Dresden 75 years ago continues to haunt our imaginations so vividly, and what this tragic episode was like for those who lived in the city If we are to label the bombing of Dresden as a ‘war crime’, then we must go back over the entire bombing war What perspective does your book offer on the bombing of Dresden in 1945? Dresden is a by-word for nightmarish annihilation and the horrors of total war. But there are some Dresdeners who now ask: why does this particular attack command so much attention when other German cities – such as Pforzheim, Magdeburg and Hamburg – were also devastated? Is it simply because Dresden was, and is, so beautiful? On the 75th anniversary of the bombing,…

BOOKS & AUDIO BOOKS

CRAFT OR CRUELTY? Are we now celebrating the ‘art of taxidermy’? (The Weird World of Walter Potter, February 2020). Stuffing an already dead animal through natural causes is one thing – although I have no idea why anybody would do that anyway. But Walter Potter sourced more than 20 kittens from local farms, and then they were killed and stuffed. He also stuffed rats, rabbits and squirrels amongst other species, as was so graphically shown in the feature. It was a terrible reminder of our race. We have killed humans and made lampshades out of their skin. We kill animals and make trophies. What is wrong with us? Our world is destroying itself through our actions. Annie Harwood, by email MISSING EXPLORER I have just read, and thoroughly enjoyed, BBC History Revealed’s recent Great…

Dresden: The Fire and the Darkness

Seventy-five years ago, in the dying days of World War II, the Allies bombed Dresden. It unleashed a firestorm that destroyed more than 6km of the German city and left around 23,000 people dead. The events of February 1945 remain controversial: was the act defensible, militarily or morally? This minute-by-minute retelling tackles these big questions, but also – by drawing on letters and diaries from the Dresden City Archive – never loses sight of the experiences of people who witnessed, and suffered, the attack first-hand.…

Dresden: The Fire and the Darkness

SIX MORE BOOKS TO READ

The Zookeepers’ War: An Incredible True Story from the Cold War JW Mohnhaupt, Simon and Schuster, £18.99, hardback, 272 pages Berlin, 1960; a city divided. Much has been written about the divergent experiences of those living on the east and west sides of the wall, but this fascinating book explores the schism through an unusual lens: the city’s zoos. Yes, even the public display of animals wasn’t exempt from duelling efforts to prove the communist or capitalist way of life superior – and in this evocative, humanistic account, the pressures and peculiarities of the Cold War are brought to life. Ancient Egyptian Magic: A Hands-On Guide Christina Riggs, Thames and Hudson, £14.95, hardback, 208 pages Regardless of the common cynicism in the 21st-century West, the fact remains that magic was…

SIX MORE BOOKS TO READ

A CANTINIÈRE POSES C1855 For centuries, women have accompanied their soldier husbands and fathers during times of war and conquest. In France they became known as Vivandières , and later Cantinières , as they would often be found in canteens, providing water and wine and sometimes medical care to troops. They served in the French army until World War I and could be found on both sides of the American Civil War. Though not on the front line, it was still a dangerous role and the women were at risk of being captured by the enemy. This woman, in the dress of a French Zouave regiment, was photographed during the Crimean War (1853-56) by Roger Fenton, an Englishman widely regarded as one of the first war photographers.…

OUR PICK OF AUDIO BOOKS

Nancy Wake: World War Two's Most Rebellious Spy Russell Braddon (narrated by Nico Evers-Swindell), Brilliance Audio, £20.20, runtime 9 hours 5 minutes Daring rescue missions; frantic escapes; desperate losses of those closest to her: the story of World War II spy Nancy Wake has all of this and more, in this dynamic telling of Russell Brandon’s recent biography. “A rebel, always laughing, and very, very feminine,” the first chapter opens, and that’s a fair summation of a woman who became a key figure in the French Resistance and who helped Allied airmen escape the clutches of the Nazis. Making Our Way Home Blair Imani (narrated by Tay Zonday, Blair Imani and Patrisse Cullors), Random House Audio, £16.88, runtime 5 hours 36 minutes Spanning the decades between 1916 and 1970, the…

OUR PICK OF AUDIO BOOKS

THIS MONTH… three podcasts on Lenin and the Romanovs

Robert Service on the downfall of Nicholas II historyextra.com/period/ancient-egypt/ the-russian-revolution-and-myths-of-ancient-egypt When Nicholas II was ousted from power by the Bolsheviks in Russia in 1917, it marked the end of a 300-year-old dynasty – and the start of a turbulent period in the country’s history. In this podcast from 2017, historian Robert Service discusses the extent to which this pivotal moment can be attributed to Nicholas’s failings, or whether he was simply a man in the midst of a very difficult situation. Helen Rappaport on the murder of the Romanovs historyextra.com/period/edwardian/ the-murder-ofthe-romanovs The Romanovs were held prisoner and finally executed by the Bolsheviks in July 1918. Their tragic fates – particularly those of Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia and Alexei, all of whom were younger than 22 when they died – has…

THIS MONTH… three podcasts on Lenin and the Romanovs

HISTORICAL FICTION....

Hamnet By Maggie O’Farrell Tinder Press, 31 March 2020, £19.99, hardback Very little is known about the only son of playwright William Shakespeare, except that he died at the age of 11. The life of young Hamnet and the effect that his premature death had on his father is reimagined by Maggie O’Farrell in an emotional departure from her previous works. Did the young boy’s death influence the bard’s later writing? And is the name of one of his most famous plays, Hamlet, a coincidence – was Shakespeare trying to tell us something?…

HISTORICAL FICTION....

Twice a week, his father told him, he must walk the mile or so out of town, along the stream, to this low-lying hall, surrounded by sheep, where he must run the younger boys through their lessons. He had had no warning of this plan, this web being spun around him. His father had called him into the workshop one evening, as the household was preparing for bed, to tell him that he was to go to Hewlands to ‘start drumming some education into the boys there’. The tutor had stood in the doorway and stared hard at his father. When, he asked, was this arranged? His father and mother had been wiping and polishing the tools in preparation for the next day. Doesn’t concern you, his father said. All…

Maggie O'Farrell is the author of eight novels and a memoir. Her 2016 novel This Must Be The Place was shortlisted for a Costa Book Award and two of her previous novels have won this prize. Hamnet is her first novel set pre-20th century. What inspired you to focus on Hamnet Shakespeare, and how much do we actually know about his life? We know he was born, and we know he died but apart from that, pretty much nothing. I have always been struck by how little space Hamnet was given in biographies. There's usually a paragraph about how common child mortality was in the late-16th century, but the implication was that it wasn’t that upsetting to lose a child because it happened a lot. It seemed preposterous to me…

CRAFT OR CRUELTY? Are we now celebrating the ‘art of taxidermy’? (The Weird World of Walter Potter, February 2020). Stuffing an already dead animal through natural causes is one thing – although I have no idea why anybody would do that anyway. But Walter Potter sourced more than 20 kittens from local farms, and then they were killed and stuffed. He also stuffed rats, rabbits and squirrels amongst other species, as was so graphically shown in the feature. It was a terrible reminder of our race. We have killed humans and made lampshades out of their skin. We kill animals and make trophies. What is wrong with us? Our world is destroying itself through our actions. Annie Harwood, by email MISSING EXPLORER I have just read, and thoroughly enjoyed, BBC…

A CANTINIÈRE POSES C1855 For centuries, women have accompanied their soldier husbands and fathers during times of war and conquest. In France they became known as Vivandières , and later Cantinières , as they would often be found in canteens, providing water and wine and sometimes medical care to troops. They served in the French army until World War I and could be found on both sides of the American Civil War. Though not on the front line, it was still a dangerous role and the women were at risk of being captured by the enemy. This woman, in the dress of a French Zouave regiment, was photographed during the Crimean War (1853-56) by Roger Fenton, an Englishman widely regarded as one of the first war photographers.…

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