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30 Articles

Headlong into the cosmos

One of the most exciting experiences for an amateur astronomer is when we get a new telescope or pair of binoculars and get a “new view” of the universe. I recall vividly when I received an 8-inch Celestron as a holiday gift; it opened my eyes to all manner of things that I had only vague notions of before seeing them myself. What would the Andromeda Galaxy look like in my new window to the vastness of space? How would the Orion Nebula stack up compared with images I saw in magazines that were imprinted indelibly in my mind? Fortunately, this kind of rediscovery of the citizens of the cosmos happens whenever we get a new instrument to aim skyward, an improved place from which to view, or a new sense…

Headlong into the cosmos

Welcome to Firecrown Media

My company, Firecrown Media, has acquired Kalmbach’s esteemed hobby magazines and media properties, including renowned titles such as Astronomy, Model Railroader, Classic Trains, Trains, Garden Railways, and Classic Toy Trains. As the new custodians of these cherished and respected brands, we are committed to upholding their legacy and nurturing their growth. Firecrown Media, a rapidly expanding media company, is dedicated to acquiring and stewarding magazine and digital media brands in the transportation sector. Our portfolio includes FLYING, Boating, Yachting, and FreightWaves, among 50 other loved brands. Firecrown is young; it has only been around for three years, but it is funded by a billion-dollar family office with a significant focus on media. After acquiring these signature brands, we have invested over $40 million in them. As Firecrown’s founder, I drive much of the passion…

Welcome to Firecrown Media

Color correction Astronomy is a great magazine, so thank you for your hard work. I read the March 2024 Ask Astro question about green stars. The answer seemed to say that there are no green stars. But an entry from Ian Ridpath’s The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Space (Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1976) seems to say that green stars are out there, just very rare: “Beta Librae, a spectroscopic binary, is one of the few bright stars that appear green in color.” Just curious which answer is correct. —Gene L. Timpe, Fort Collins, CO Senior Editor Alison Klesman responds: Beta (β) Librae, also known as Zubeneschamali, does indeed seem to be a perplexing case of a visually green star. In his Burnham’s Celestial Handbook: An Observer’s Guide to the Universe Beyond…

CHILLY SUMMITS ON MARS

The peak of Mars’ Olympus Mons, along with other nearby volcanoes, sports frosty patches in the winter. This morning image of the tallest volcano in our solar system was taken by the European Space Agency’s Trace Gas Orbiter and Mars Express orbiter. It shows the ice deposits, falsely colored blue, in the volcano’s caldera (bowl-shaped features). Scientists found that the icy patches collectively contain some 150,000 tons of water and are as thin as a strand of human hair. The team also found that wind travels at lower speeds within the caldera than the surrounding areas, allowing the frost to form for a few hours around sunrise during the cooler seasons before evaporating into the thin martian air.…

CHILLY SUMMITS ON MARS

BRICK BUILDING Working with LEGO, ESA researchers have 3D printed LEGO-like bricks with meteorite dust. Future Moon explorers could print similar interlocking bricks from lunar soil to build structures. AMONG THE STARS Dutch celestial cartographer Wil Tirion died July 5 at the age of 81. He created two landmark sky atlases — Sky Atlas 2000.0 and Uranometria 2000.0 (co-authored with Barry Rappaport and George Lovi) — and contributed to many more. ICARUS COULD NEVER Keck Observatory data show that the Neptune-sized exoplanet TIC 365102760 b retains a puffy atmosphere despite a close orbit around its red giant host star, which should have stripped it away. The planet has been dubbed Phoenix. ALEX P. KOK/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS CC BY-SA 4.0…

GALACTIC MEGAMERGERS COULD EXPLAIN ENORMOUS RADIO CIRCLES

The Cloverleaf, a member of a new category of cosmic objects called odd radio circles (ORCs), has been observed in a new light to reveal clues to how ORCs are created. Astronomers used the Extended Roentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array (eROSITA), an orbiting German/Russian X-ray telescope, to observe the Cloverleaf, which resides about 600 million light-years from Earth and spans more than 326,000 light-years. (For comparison, the Milky Way is about 100,000 light-years across.) Examining the Cloverleaf’s X-ray emission gave astronomers the chance to probe high-energy processes, such as supersonic shock waves and black holes. “It was the missing key to unlock the secret of the Cloverleaf’s formation,” said lead author Esra Bulbul, an astrophysicist at the Max Planck Institute in Germany, in a press release. WHAT’S THIS? In 2020, astronomers…

GALACTIC MEGAMERGERS COULD EXPLAIN ENORMOUS RADIO CIRCLES

Growing globular gems

THE COSMIC GEMS ARC is a galaxy that can only be seen through gravitational lensing, as an extremely dense foreground object bends and focuses the incoming light of a more distant one. By training the James Webb Space Telescope on the Cosmic Gems arc (the lower of the two lensed galaxies in this image), astronomers detected five massive star clusters that might someday become globular clusters, dense balls of ancient stars. Each is only about a parsec (3.26 light-years) across, making them the smallest features ever resolved in a galaxy at this distance. We see the Cosmic Gems arc as it was 460 million years after the universe formed, during the epoch of reionization — when light from the first stars cleared away the dense fog of neutral hydrogen that…

Growing globular gems

GETTING WARMER TIC 393818343 b, an exoplanet 300 light-years away, has been confirmed by citizen scientists as a “warm Jupiter,” using data from NASA’s TESS mission. The world may be migrating to a close-in orbit, transitioning to a hot Jupiter. RETIREMENT PLANNING NASA announced June 26 it has awarded SpaceX an $843 million contract to design a vehicle to take the International Space Station out of orbit when its mission ends in 2030. GREENHOUSE SPOTTING To find exoplanetary life, astronomers have suggested looking for artificial greenhouse gases like perfluorocarbons, which could indicate intentional terraforming. Focusing on gases that can’t be produced naturally would reduce false positives. FAMILIAR HOSTS Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are energy-packed flashes of radio waves. By studying how their polarization is altered by passing through their host galaxies, astronomers found that non-repeating FRBs likely…

BENNU’S WATERY PAST

WHEN WE THINK OF WATERY LANDSCAPES in the solar system, the first body to come to mind likely isn’t an asteroid. But an early analysis of samples returned from the asteroid 101955 Bennu hints that this 0.3-mile-wide (500 meters) pile of rubble is a piece of a larger body that may have once sported an active hydro-thermal system and maybe even subsurface lakes or oceans. In a study published June 26 in Meteoritics & Planetary Science, researchers examined 0.5 ounce (14.9 grams) out of the total 4.3 ounces (121.6 g) of Bennu’s material returned to Earth in September 2023 by NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission. They found that most of the minerals are phyllosilicates. These are produced when silicate materials interact with water, especially alkaline fluids. “Think soda water with lots of carbon dioxide,”…

BENNU’S WATERY PAST

Chang’e 6 nabs first samples from Moon’s farside

China’s robotic Chang’e 6 mission returned to Earth on June 25 with an eagerly awaited stash of rocks from the Moon’s farside — a historic first, and the latest achievement for the growing space power. Chang’e 6 launched May 3 from the Wenchang Space Launch Site on the island of Hainan, atop a Long March 5 booster. It entered a highly elliptical lunar orbit May 8 and spent the rest of the month lowering its orbit and looking for a suitable landing site. (It also released a Pakistani cubesat that imaged the Moon and captured data of its magnetic field.) Mission planners eventually chose a site in the Apollo basin, an impact crater with an eroded inner ring. The lander touched down in Apollo at 23:23 UT on June 1, carrying with…

Chang’e 6 nabs first samples from Moon’s farside

Morehouse’s Black Ring

In the pioneering days of long-exposure astrophotography in the late 19th century, the use of dry plates over wet collodion plates simplified the photographic process. The increased light sensitivity of the emulsion coatings on dry plates allowed for shorter exposure times and produced sharper images of the night sky. In 1881, the French inventors brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière made improvements to these plates, rendering them easier and more convenient to use. The results led to a new wave of scientific inquiries, and brought to light many features that weren’t obvious to the eye. One such feature in Cygnus likely appears in many images taken by modern astrophotographers with basic equipment, though few may have noticed it. In 1910, American astronomer Daniel Walter Morehouse used a Sigma Lumière dry plate to make…

Morehouse’s Black Ring

INSIDE THE WORLD OF DEEP-SKY OBJECTS

Do you remember the first time you truly discovered the universeuniverse? When I was a teenager, many moons ago, I bought my first telescope, a Celestron 8. I remember excitedly unboxing it the day it arrived. Fortunately, I had a clear sky that evening and stayed up all night observing. In the early morning, I swung the scope over to the vicinity of the constellation Cygnus. Boom. There it was, plain as day: the Veil Nebula, its faintly glowing gray-green arcs of nebulosity running through a rich, speckled, multicolored star field, appearing like luminous fragments of twisted rope. I was absolutely stunned. What really surprised me is that I had read that the Veil Nebula was not supposed to be visible in a such a small telescope. That night it struck…

INSIDE THE WORLD OF DEEP-SKY OBJECTS

Tour the Sculptor’s workshop

THE CONSTELLATION SCULPTOR is not an easy star pattern to find, but it’s worth the effort because it contains some gorgeous deep-sky objects. Its name comes from French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, who surveyed the southern sky from 1750 to 1753 at the Cape of Good Hope. He called the pattern “The Sculptor’s Workshop,” but this was later shortened. Sculptor lies south of the border between Cetus and Aquarius and north of Phoenix. The best time to see this constellation is in the early fall in the Northern Hemisphere, when it reaches its highest point at midnight. Although Sculptor isn’t huge or bright, the best observers always set aside a few hours each year during its brief window of visibility. It doesn’t contain any Messier objects, but it does boast a…

Tour the Sculptor’s workshop

OCTOBER 2024 Mars improving

October finds Mercury and Venus in the evening sky. Mercury is shy and takes some effort to see, but brilliant Venus is not hard to find. Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, and Jupiter rise in that order before midnight. Mars becomes a fine bright object in the predawn sky, standing high in the east. And C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS) may be on show as the comet passes closest to Earth and springs into the evening sky. Mercury comes out of superior conjunction early in the month and by the 31st reaches an elongation of 18° east of the Sun. It stays very low above the western horizon due to the shallow angle of the ecliptic. By the 24th it remains difficult to spot, even at magnitude –0.4, since it sets 35 minutes after the…

OCTOBER 2024 Mars improving

AMONG THE BEST volcanic features on the face of the Moon (not counting the huge “seas”) is the field of domes known as the Marius Hills. Located in the vast Oceanus Procellarum basin near the craters Marius and Reiner in the lunar west, the coarse, sandpaper-like terrain sees first light about three days before Full phase. The Moon is quite bright on the evening of the 14th — use a filter to reduce the glare, or even sunglasses will help. At first your eye will be drawn to Tycho’s spectacular ray system and then to brilliant Aristarchus, dominating Luna’s northern section at this phase. Have a look, but then shift your concentration to an area just north of the equator and boost the magnification. How did the Moon develop this out-break of…

THE REMNANTS OF HALLEY’S COMET generate the annual meteor shower called the Orionids. It’s active from Oct. 2 through Nov. 7, with the peak occurring on Oct. 21. A bright gibbous Moon located on the Taurus/Auriga border will strongly affect the appearance of Orionid meteors. The shower has a zenithal hourly rate of up to 20 meteors per hour on the morning of maximum, corresponding to an observable rate of some 15 to 18 per hour between 2 A.M. and dawn. The radiant lies in northeastern Orion and rises by 10:30 P.M. local daylight time. ORIONID METEORS Active dates: Oct. 2–Nov. 7 Peak: Oct. 21 Moon at peak: Waning gibbous Maximum rate at peak: 20 meteors/hour…

HOW TO USE THIS MAP This map portrays the sky as seen near 35° north latitude. Located inside the border are the cardinal directions and their intermediate points. To find stars, hold the map overhead and orient it so one of the labels matches the direction you’re facing. The stars above the map’s horizon now match what’s in the sky. The all-sky map shows how the sky looks at: 10 P.M. October 1 9 P.M. October 15 8 P.M. October 31 Planets are shown at midmonth MAP SYMBOLS Open cluster Globular cluster Diffuse nebula Planetary nebula Galaxy STAR MAGNITUDES STAR COLORS A star’s color depends on its surface temperature. The hottest stars shine blue Slightly cooler stars appear white Intermediate stars (like the Sun) glow yellow Lower-temperature stars appear orange The coolest stars glow red Fainter stars can’t excite our eyes’ color receptors, so they appear white unless you use optical…

PATHS OF THE PLANETS

THE PLANETS IN THEIR ORBITS Arrows show the inner planets’ monthly motions and dots depict the outer planets’ positions at midmonth from high above their orbits. THE PLANETS IN THE SKY These illustrations show the size, phase, and orientation of each planet and the two brightest dwarf planets at 0h UT for the dates in the data table at bottom. South is at the top to match the view through a telescope. JUPITER’S MOONS Dots display positions of Galilean satellites at 4 A.M. EDT on the date shown. South is at the top to match the view through a telescope. OCTOBER 2024…

PATHS OF THE PLANETS

GET OUT AND ENJOY Comet C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS), whether with binoculars, a small telescope, or unaided eyes. It doesn’t matter if you’re in the town or country. Look often — it might peak and fizzle or split and surge within a day or two. Regardless, this comet will absolutely delight amateurs like us. It might even be the best of the decade, but not worth a last-minute plane ticket to the desert. When September closes, the comet is at perihelion, closest to the Sun. The head is visible only as dawn breaks, with its tails streaming toward Sirius. What structures will be visible? Will we get a magnetic disconnection in the solar wind? By Oct. 7, follow it online through the field of view of NASA’s SOHO LASCO C3 for a…

LOCATING ASTEROIDS

I LOVE THE FALL SEASON. Many long, sometimes mild, transparent nights are a gift after those short, summer nights of haze and smoky skies. Main-belt asteroid 39 Laetitia, perhaps some 100 miles wide, glows at magnitude 9.5 due to reflected sunlight. It won’t present a simple “spot and run” observation, but as long as you make a basic sketch one night by dropping four or five dots into a logbook circle, the next time you return one of the points will have shifted. On the 11th and 12th, it sits inside a quadrangle of stars at low power, and moves just outside it by the 13th. Some additional sunlight delight might pass through this month as you peer into the eyepiece. For Northern Hemisphere observers, dots will drift into and then pass…

LOCATING ASTEROIDS

Our 14th annual STAR PRODUCTS

Once again, we’ve scoured the astromarketplace to find the finest, most practical, and most innovative products for Astronomy magazine’s Star Products, 2024 edition. This collection of 35 items, in no particular order, offers a diverse selection. From tools tailored for visual observing to those crafted for astrophotography, there’s something here for everyone, whether you’re a novice or an expert. 1 Apertura Dobsonian Performance Upgrade Kits These kits may be designed for Apertura telescopes, but they are suitable for similarstyle Dobsonians across various brands. The kits are available for apertures ranging from 6 to 12 inches, in 2-inch increments. Each one features two pieces of flat black flocking material, strategically sized to fit perfectly around the primary mirror and opposite the secondary mirror to reduce stray light and enhance image contrast. The kit includes…

Our 14th annual STAR PRODUCTS

BLACK HOLE BUGALOO

WHEN THE JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE (JWST) first opened its eye to the universe in 2022, astronomers looked forward to gaining a fresh perspective on galaxy evolution. The powerful observatory has not disappointed. Perhaps the biggest surprise so far has been the telescope’s discovery of a large population of active galaxies in the first billion years of cosmic history. Active galaxies represent nature’s way of turning darkness into light. At the heart of each of these energetic systems lies a black hole with a mass millions or billions of times that of the Sun. The beast’s strong gravity pulls in nearby gas, creating an accretion disk that can reach a temperature of millions of degrees. This hot gas produces the intense radiation we see coming from these galaxies. RECORD-SETTING DUO Now astronomers have…

BLACK HOLE BUGALOO

STARIZONA’S NEXUS COMA CORRECTOR

AFFORDABLE FAST NEWTONIAN ASTROGRAPHS are game changers for astrophotographers. Most of these instruments have a focal ratio in the vicinity of f/4, allowing them to capture light from deep-sky objects more than six times faster than the f/10 Schmidt-Cassegrain telescopes that dominate the market. But with that faster speed comes a huge problem: a curved focal plane and severe coma, making images taken with such instruments sharp in the center and blurry around the edges. To combat this, manufacturers offer various Newtonian coma correctors, designed to alleviate (to varying degrees) this optical defect and allow users to fill the full frame of their CCD or CMOS cameras with sharp stars. However, the effectiveness of this correction varies among designs, with some performing much better than others. Here, I evaluate a new type…

STARIZONA’S NEXUS COMA CORRECTOR

Your first astroimaging rig

Getting started in astrophotography can be daunting. With so many different telescopes, cameras, and mounts and all their variations, where do you start? The first piece of equipment you should choose is a mount, the mechanical base that the telescope attaches to. For astrophotography, the mount must be motorized, and ideally computer-controllable. This might sound crazy, but the quality of the mount is more important than the quality of the telescope! Even the best quadruplet refractor won’t produce good images if the stars are streaked from poor tracking. While it is possible to do astrophotography on an altitude-azimuth (alt-az) mount, they are limited; an equatorial mount will serve you much better. Equatorial mounts are aligned with the celestial pole so that only the right ascension axis is tracking the sky, while the…

Your first astroimaging rig

Accidents happen Basic Books (Hachette Group) New York City, NY In astronomy, there’s no substitute for being in the right place at the right time — and Accidental Astronomy: How Random Discoveries Shape the Science of Space celebrates that. From University of Oxford astrophysics professor Chris Lintott, this 320-page book explores the role of good timing and luck in discovery, and what can be found when astronomers everywhere simply look up. $30.00 customer.service@hbgusa.com www.hachettebookgroup.com Sun spotting Starfield Optics Caledon, ON Amateur astronomers and astrophotographers seeking a clearer view of the Sun can start with the Starfield 1.25" Solar Wedge. This diagonal-type solar filter uses an anti-reflection coated prism to obtain high-contrast solar views, and can be used with refractors up to 4 inches in aperture. $280.45 905-487-6363 https://store.starfieldoptics.com Ride the wave Sky-Watcher Richmond, BC The Wave 150i Strainwave Mount combines portability and precision. Weighing 12.8 pounds (5.8…

Saturn’s disappearing rings

Q DO ASTRONOMERS HAVE ANY ESTIMATES OF WHEN SATURN’S RINGS WILL DISAPPEAR? Doug Kaupa Council Bluffs, Iowa A All four of the solar system’s giant planets have ring systems. The rings of Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune are dark, sparse belts or ringlets. Only Saturn’s massive main rings are dense and bright, made of almost pure water-ice particles ranging in size from dust and pebbles to boulders. You can visualize Saturn’s rings as an enormous swarm of snowballs and snowman-sized pieces orbiting the planet. Most planetary scientists once thought Saturn’s rings were as old as Saturn itself: 4.5 billion years. But the Cassini spacecraft, which orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017, accumulated evidence that the rings are relatively recent. If early dinosaurs were smart enough to build telescopes, they might not have seen rings around…

Saturn’s disappearing rings

1. SALT LAKE PRETTY The Milky Way is reflected in the flooded salt flats of Badwater Basin in California’s Death Valley in this 21-panel panorama taken with an astro-modified Nikon Z 6II full-frame mirrorless camera and zoom lens at 20mm. Sky panels consist of 180-second frames taken at f/3.2 and ISO 800; the foreground and reflection frames were 120-second exposures at f/2.8 and ISO 1600. • Abhijit Patil 2. MAKING WAVES Billowing swells of gas and dust frame this vista of a pair of emission nebulae in Cygnus — Sharpless 2–115 at upper right and the small planetary nebula Sh 2–116 at lower right. The shot was taken with 17 hours of exposure in SHO and RGB filters with a 6-inch f/4 scope. • David Gluchowski 3. CLOAK OF THE OWL Surrounding the familiar visage of the…

SPIRALING OUT OF CONTROL

Although Arp-Madore 2105–332 lies in the southern constellation Microscopium the Microscope, you need a powerful telescope to see it clearly. One of 6,000 odd-looking objects in the Arp-Madore Catalog of Southern Peculiar Galaxies, entry 2105–332 features two spiral galaxies interacting with each other. Each has two loosely wound arms that are laced with dark dust lanes and show signs of active star formation. The brighter galaxy, ESO 402–10 (left), glows at 14th magnitude while its companion, ESO 402–9, appears two magnitudes dimmer. The pair lies some 200 million light-years from Earth. A chain of three fainter, more distant galaxies string out below ESO 402–10. This portrait combines images from the 2.5-meter Hubble Space Telescope and the 4-meter Victor M. Blanco Telescope in Chile. ESA/HUBBLE & NASA, J. DALCANTON, DARK ENERGY SURVEY/DOE/FNAL/NOIRLAB/NSF/AURA…

SPIRALING OUT OF CONTROL

Jupiter reigns supreme

You don’t want to miss Jupiter this month. The giant planet reaches opposition and peak visibility December 7 against the stunning backdrop of Taurus the Bull. Shining at magnitude –2.8, Jupiter dominates the northeastern sky once darkness falls. Although the gas giant lies well north of the celestial equator — less than optimal for us in the Southern Hemisphere — it remains an attractive sight all night. The best views through a telescope come when it climbs highest in the north around midnight local time. Be patient for moments of good seeing when indistinct features snap into focus. Even the smallest scopes show detail in the bright zones and darker belts that run parallel to the planet’s 48"-diameter equator. And keep an eye out for Jupiter’s four Galilean moons, which shift…

HOW TO USE THIS MAP This map portrays the sky as seen near 30° south latitude. Located inside the border are the cardinal directions and their intermediate points. To find stars, hold the map overhead and orient it so one of the labels matches the direction you’re facing. The stars above the map’s horizon now match what’s in the sky. The all-sky map shows how the sky looks at: 11 P.M. December 1 10 P.M. December 15 9 P.M. December 31 Planets are shown at midmonth MAP SYMBOLS Open cluster Globular cluster Diffuse nebula Planetary nebula Galaxy STAR MAGNITUDES STAR COLORS A star’s color depends on its surface temperature. The hottest stars shine blue Slightly cooler stars appear white Intermediate stars (like the Sun) glow yellow Lower-temperature stars appear orange The coolest stars glow red Fainter stars can’t excite our eyes’ color receptors, so they appear white unless you use optical…

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